Hard Decision Fusion based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio System

Cooperative spectrum sensing was proposed to combat fading, noise uncertainty, shadowing, and even hidden node problem due to primary users (PUs) activity that is not spatially localized. It improves the probability of detection by collaborating to detect PUs signal in cognitive radio (CR) system as well. This paper studies cooperative spectrum sensing and signal detection in CR system by implementing hard decision combining in data fusion centre. Through computer simulation, we evaluate the performances of cooperative spectrum sensing and signal detection by employing OR and AND rules as decision combining. Energy detector is used to observe the presence of primary user (PU) signal. Those results are compared to non-cooperative signal detection for evaluation. They show that cooperative technique has better performance than non-cooperative. Moreover, signal to noise ratio (SNR) with greater than or equal 10 dB and 15 collaborated users in CR system has optimal value for probability of detection

DIAMOnDS - DIstributed Agents for MObile & Dynamic Services

Distributed Services Architecture with support for mobile agents between services, offer significantly improved communication and computational flexibility. The uses of agents allow execution of complex operations that involve large amounts of data to be processed effectively using distributed resources. The prototype system Distributed Agents for Mobile and Dynamic Services (DIAMOnDS), allows a service to send agents on its behalf, to other services, to perform data manipulation and processing. Agents have been implemented as mobile services that are discovered using the Jini Lookup mechanism and used by other services for task management and communication. Agents provide proxies for interaction with other services as well as specific GUI to monitor and control the agent activity. Thus agents acting on behalf of one service cooperate with other services to carry out a job, providing inter-operation of loosely coupled services in a semi-autonomous way. Remote file system access functionality has been incorporated by the agent framework and allows services to dynamically share and browse the file system resources of hosts, running the services. Generic database access functionality has been implemented in the mobile agent framework that allows performing complex data mining and processing operations efficiently in distributed system. A basic data searching agent is also implemented that performs a query based search in a file system. The testing of the framework was carried out on WAN by moving Connectivity Test agents between AgentStations in CERN, Switzerland and NUST, Pakistan.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, CHEP03, La Jolla, California, March 24-28, 200

Accrual Reversals And Company Performance: Analysis Of Emerging Market

This is a pioneering study on total accrual reversals, i.e. long-term reversals and their role in company performance in an emerging market. This study observes the impact of total accrual reversals on company performance more exclusively. The sample consists of 100 non-financial companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE). The purpose is to examine the role of long-term reversals in the performance of companies by observing the impact of total accrual reversals for the current period as well as the previous period on the earnings as it is used as a proxy for company performance. The Pooled OLS Robust method with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors is used. The result indicates that total accrual reversals of the previous and current period affect the earnings of companies positively. This result rejects the perception that accrual reversal does not predict the earnings in the long-term perspective. The study concludes that the role of reversals of total accruals in the performance of companies is positive, which is beneficial for growing companies in an emerging market. Hence, companies should increase the total accrual reversals to enhance their performance and attract foreign investors

Accrual Reversals And Company Performance: Analysis Of Emerging Market

This is a pioneering study on total accrual reversals, i.e. long-term reversals and their role in company performance in an emerging market. This study observes the impact of total accrual reversals on company performance more exclusively. The sample consists of 100 non-financial companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE). The purpose is to examine the role of long-term reversals in the performance of companies by observing the impact of total accrual reversals for the current period as well as the previous period on the earnings as it is used as a proxy for company performance. The Pooled OLS Robust method with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors is used. The result indicates that total accrual reversals of the previous and current period affect the earnings of companies positively. This result rejects the perception that accrual reversal does not predict the earnings in the long-term perspective. The study concludes that the role of reversals of total accruals in the performance of companies is positive, which is beneficial for growing companies in an emerging market. Hence, companies should increase the total accrual reversals to enhance their performance and attract foreign investors

Future of Cooperative Farming in Pakistan

The main objective of this study was to work out production efficiency of some cooperative and non cooperative farmers in the central Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose a survey of central Punjab was conducted in the year of 2008-09. Two type samples were taken for the study. First type sample was comprised of 15 respondents who had joined together in different ways to cultivate their available lands. Second type included 60 respondents, 20 from each district of Jhang, Faisalabad and TT Singh. The results obtained through t-statistics analysis revealed that the per acre use of Agri inputs and outputs obtained for all the cash crops was significantly different and  higher in case of cooperatives than non-cooperatives farmers. The benefit cost   (B-C) ratio indicated that it was 38% higher for cooperative than non-cooperatives as it was 1.98 and 1.43 for respective categories. But these cooperatives farming could not sustain for longer time due to the lake of education and conflicts between the members. Keywords: Cooperatives, Farming, Punjab, Pakista

PEST Analysis Of Engro Fertilizers, Pakistan

We can analyze various different factors in a firm's macro environment by the use of the PEST framework. The PEST analysis of current trends in marketing seems to be favouring the overall industry whereas in reality due to shortfall of basic raw material gas Government is unable to provide the necessary facilities for maintaining optimal production of fertilizer in the country. A report by the Daily Dawn indicates that the shortage of urea can cause a loss of Rs. 150 billion to the fertilizer industry and the farmers which will finally lead to enormous economic loss for the country. Engro is one of the biggest companies of Pakistan with a sizeable contribution to the GDP which is severely suffering from the political instability and economic recession which in turn poses threat to the company’s profitability and its survival depleting its capacity to compete under the existing production cost structure in given circumstances. Labour force is the major input of any industry and Engro is facing the crisis of an escalated series of labour-management conflicts. The concern must endeavour to fulfil the labour demands in order to retain them for better future prospects of the Company. Keywords: PEST Analysis, Engro Fertilizers, Pakistan, Political, Economic, Social, Technological analysi