Analysis of Air Flow, Air and Fuel Induction for Internal Combustion Engine

In an internal combustion engine, performance, efficiency and emission formation depends on the formation of air-fuel mixture inside the engine cylinder. The fluid flow dynamics plays an important role for air-fuel mixture preparation to obtain the better engine combustion, performance and efficiency. This review article discuss the rotating flow (swirl and tumble) in premixed spark-ignition engine and its effect on turbulence generation and flame propagation. Rotating flow can substantially increase turbulence intensity for the duration of the combustion period. This review paper discusses the in-cylinder swirl and tumble flow that affects air induction during the combustion process in internal combustion engine. Alternatively, this study using computer simulation (Computational Fluid Dynamic, CFD) which offer the opportunity to carry out repetitive parameter studies. An integration-type flowmeter (IFM) also has been used which consists of ultrasonic flowmeter, that integrates the flowrate during the intake process, gives accurate measurements regardless of sampling time and frequency. Research parameter in this study was swirl and tumble that represents the fluid flow behavior occurred inside combustion chamber. Fuel injection and air mass also were the important parameters that have been discussed about in air induction process.  The results obtain from the numerical analysis can be employed to examine the homogeneity of air-fuel mixture structure for better combustion process and engine performance

Effect of spray drying parameters on the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of oil from menhaden (Brevoortia spp.) and Asian swampeel (Monopterus albus) oil extract microcapsules

This work investigated the effect of spray drying parameters on the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of oil from menhaden (Brevoortia spp.) and Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) oil microcapsules. Different emulsion formulations (Maltodextrin - MD, Maltodextrin+Gum Arabic - MD+GA, and Maltodextrin+Starch - M+S), inlet air temperatures (180, 190, and 200 °C), and feed flow rates (280, 382, and 485 mL/h) were applied to microencapsulate Brevoortia spp. oil. The best operating parameters were then used to microencapsulate the Monopterus albus oil. The moisture content, MC (%), peroxide value, PV (mEq/kg), free fatty acid, FFA (%), acid value, AV (mg KOH/g) and the morphology of the microcapsules were then evaluated. The Brevoortia spp. oil microcapsules produced with the Maltodextrin+Gum Arabic emulsion formulation, inlet air temperature of 200 °C, and feed flow rate of 280 mL/h showed the lowest moisture content, peroxide value, free fatty acid, and acid value of 9.145%, 3.293 mEq/kg, 4.891%, and 2.981 mg KOH/g, respectively. Using similar parameters, the microencapsulation of the Monopterus albus oil extract recorded a moisture content, peroxide value, free fatty acid, and acid value of 8.432%, 2.713 mEq/kg, 4.911%, and 2.871 mg KOH/g, respectively. In conclusion, improved physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of Monopterus albus oil extract microcapsules were achieved using the Maltodextrin+Gum Arabic emulsion formulation and spray drying at a high air inlet temperature of 200 °C and a low feed flow rate of 280 mL/h

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Effect of spray drying parameters on the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of oil from menhaden (Brevoortia spp.) and Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) oil extract microcapsules

This work investigated the effect of spray drying parameters on the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of oil from menhaden (Brevoortia spp.) and Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) oil microcapsules. Different emulsion formulations (Maltodextrin - MD, Maltodextrin+Gum Arabic - MD+GA, and Maltodextrin+Starch - M+S), inlet air temperatures (180, 190, and 200 °C), and feed flow rates (280, 382, and 485 mL/h) were applied to microencapsulate Brevoortia spp. oil. The best operating parameters were then used to microencapsulate the Monopterus albus oil. The moisture content, MC (%), peroxide value, PV (mEq/kg), free fatty acid, FFA (%), acid value, AV (mg KOH/g) and the morphology of the microcapsules were then evaluated. The Brevoortia spp. oil microcapsules produced with the Maltodextrin+Gum Arabic emulsion formulation, inlet air temperature of 200 °C, and feed flow rate of 280 mL/h showed the lowest moisture content, peroxide value, free fatty acid, and acid value of 9.145%, 3.293 mEq/kg, 4.891%, and 2.981 mg KOH/g, respectively. Using similar parameters, the microencapsulation of the Monopterus albus oil extract recorded a moisture content, peroxide value, free fatty acid, and acid value of 8.432%, 2.713 mEq/kg, 4.911%, and 2.871 mg KOH/g, respectively. In conclusion, improved physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of Monopterus albus oil extract microcapsules were achieved using the Maltodextrin+Gum Arabic emulsion formulation and spray drying at a high air inlet temperature of 200 °C and a low feed flow rate of 280 mL/h