Hydride generation using a metallic atomizer after microwave-assisted extraction for inorganic arsenic speciation in biological samples

AbstractThe present speciation method reports the determination of inorganic arsenic forms, using metallic furnace hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. The inorganic As speciation is carried out using mild conditions for hydride formation, such as slightly acid pH media (4.50) and low tetrahydridoborate(1−) concentration (0.1% (w/v)). Limits of detection and quantification of 2.0 and 6.6μgL−1 of iAs(III) are obtained using optimized conditions. Additionally, microwave-assisted extraction using water as solvent is carried out to provide the appropriate environment for As species extraction as well as impeding inter-conversion between species. With these analytical strategies, As was accurately determined (at 99.9% confidence level) in water and plankton samples

Two-dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis Applied For Analytical Proteomics: Fundamentals And Applications To The Study Of Plant Proteomics

The present review reports the principles, fundamentals and some applications of two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis for analytical proteomics based on plant proteome analysis, also emphasizing some advantages of 2-D DIGE over 2-D PAGE techniques. Some fluorescent protein labeling reagents, methods of protein labeling, models of 2-D DIGE experiments, and some limitations of this technique are presented and discussed in terms of 2-D DIGE plant proteomes. Finally, some practical applications of this technique are pointed out, emphasizing its potentialities in plant proteomics. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.1362041194126Wilkins, M.R., Sanchez, J.C., Williams, K.L., Hochstrasser, D.F., (1996) Electrophoresis, 17, pp. 830-838Bandow, J.E., Baker, J.D., Berth, M., Painter, C., Sepulveda, O.J., Clark, K.A., Kilty, I., Vanbogelen, R.A., (2008) Proteomics, 8, pp. 3030-3041Berth, M., Moser, F.M., Kolbe, M., Bernhardt, J., (2007) Appl. Microbiol. 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On-line Microwave Slurry Sample Digestion Using Flow Systems For The Spectrophotometric Determination Of Iron In Seafood

A method for the spectrophotometric determination of iron in seafood slurry samples based on microwave assisted digestion has been developed. The stabilized slurry (200 μl) is introduced in a flow system and transported by an air carrier stream to a digestion coil positioned inside the microwave oven. After the digestion step (10 or 20 min at maximum power) the flushing solution is collected in a calibrated flask. A 200 μl-digested sample is introduced in a flow injection system and the iron determined at 512 nm with 1,10-phenanthroline. The proposed method features a linear range from 50 to 200 μg l-1 (r > 0.999) presenting a precision, expressed as RSD, of 3.7% (n = 10) for repeatability and 5.0% (n = 30) for reproducibility. Accuracy was assessed by using Standard and Certified Reference Materials.123510231028Kingston, H.M., Jassie, L.B., (1988) Introduction to Microwave Sample Preparation - Theory and Practice, p. 263. , American Chemical Society, Washington, DCValcárcel, M., Luque De Castro, M.D., Tena, M.Y., (1993) Extracción con Fluidos Supercríticos en el Processo Analítico, p. 469. , Editorial Reverté S. A., BarcelonaBurguera, M., Burguera, J.L., (1996) Quím. Anal., 15, p. 112De La Guardia, M., Salvador, A., Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M.J., (1988) Flow Injection Anal., 5, p. 121Arruda, M.A.Z., Santelli, R.E., (1997) Quím. Nova, 20, p. 638De La Guardia, M., Carbonell, V., Morales-Rubio, A., Salvador, A., (1993) Talanta, 40, p. 1609Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., Brunetto, M.R., (1993) At. Spectrosc., 14, p. 90Burguera, M., Burguera, J.L., Alarcón, O.M., (1996) Anal. Chim. Acta, 179, p. 351Burguera, M., Burguera, J.L., Alarcón, O.M., (1988) Anal. Chim. Acta, 214, p. 421Bryce, D.W., Izquierdo, A., Luque De Castro, M.D., (1996) Anal. Chim. Acta, 324, p. 69Guo, T., Baasner, J., (1993) Talanta, 40, p. 1927Hanna, C.P., McIntosh, S.A., (1995) At. Spectrosc., 16, p. 106Morales-Rubio, A., Mena, M.L., McLeod, C.W., (1995) Anal. Chim. Acta, 308, p. 364Cabrera, C., Madrid, Y., Cámara, C., (1994) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 9, p. 1423López-Gonzálvez, M.A., Gómez, M.M., Cámara, C., Palacios, M.A., (1994) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 9, p. 291Gluodenis Jr., T.J., Tyson, J.F., (1993) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 8, p. 697Burguera, M., Burguera, J.L., Rondón, C., Rivas, C., Carrero, P., Gallignani, M., Brunetto, M.R., (1995) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 10, p. 343Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., (1993) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 8, p. 235Arruda, M.A.Z., Gallego, M., Valcárcel, M., (1996) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 11, p. 169Sooksamiti, P., Geckeis, H., Grudpan, K., (1996) Analyst, 121, p. 1413Cuesta, A., Todoli, J.L., Canals, A., (1996) Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 51, p. 1791Bordera, L., Hernandis, V., Canal, A., Chem, F.A., (1996), 355, p. 112Lafuente, J.M.G., Sánchez, M.L.F., Marchante-Gayón, J.M., Uria, J.E.S., Sanz-Medel, A., (1996) Spectrochim.. Acta Part B, 51, p. 1849Chakraborty, R., Das, A.K., Cervera, M.L., De La Guardia, M., (1997) Anal. Lett., 30 (2), p. 283De Almeida, M.D., Leandro, K.C., Da Costa, C.V., Santelli, R.E., De La Guardia, M., (1997) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, p. 1235Maksimova, I.M., Morosanova, E.I., Kuz'min, N.M., Zolotov, Y.A., (1997) Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem., 357, p. 946Carlosena, A., Gallego, M., Valcárcel, M., (1997) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, p. 479Balconi, M.L., Borgarello, M., Ferracioli, R., Realini, F., (1992) Anal. Chim. Acta, 261, p. 295Schmitt, A., Buttle, L., Uglow, R., Williams, K., Haswell, S., (1993) Anal. Chim. Acta, 284, p. 249Benson, R.L., McKelvie, I.D., Hart, B.T., Hamilton, I.C., (1994) Anal. Chim. Acta, 291, p. 249Williams, K.E., Haswell, S.J., Barclay, D.A., Preston, G., (1993) Analyst, 118, p. 245Bergamin, H.Fo., Reis, B.F., Jacintho, A.O., Zagatto, E.A.G., (1980) Anal. Chim. Acta, 117, p. 81Mortatti, J., Krug, F.J., Pessenda, L.C.R., Zagatto, E.A.G., Jørgensen, S.S., (1982) Analyst, 107, p. 659Arruda, M.A.Z., Fostier, A.H., Krug, F.J., (1997) J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 8, p. 39Fostier, A.H., Ferreira, J.R., (1995) Quím. Nova, 18, p. 425Miller-Ihli, N.J., (1988) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 3, p. 73Bendicho, C., De Loos-Vollebregt, M.T.C., (1991) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 6, p. 353Januzzi, G.S.B., Krug, F.J., Arruda, M.A.Z., (1997) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, p. 375(1987) Analyst, 112, p. 19

Trends In Preconcentration Procedures For Metal Determination Using Atomic Spectrometry Techniques

Methods for metal preconcentration are often described in the literature. However, purposes are often different, depending on whether the methods are applied in environmental, clinical or technological fields. The respective method needs to be efficient, give high sensitivity, and ideally also is selective which is useful when used in combination with atomic spectroscopy. This review presents the actual tendencies in metal preconcentration using techniques such as Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS), Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS), Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HGAAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). 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Determination Of Chromium (vi) By Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry After Cloud Point Extraction And Preconcentration [determinação De Cromo (vi) Por Espectrometria De Absorção Atômica Com Chama Após A Extraçã O E Pré-concentração No Ponto Nuvem]

The present work reports a method for chromium (VI) determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after cloud point extraction and preconcentration. Chromium (VI) is complexed with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DFC) in acidic medium (pH 2.0) and it is extracted into 25 μL of surfactant-rich phase containing Triton X-114. The variables that affect the cloud point formation, such as the surfactant (0.1-1.0% m/v) and complexant (0.01-0.80% m/v) concentrations, time of complexation (0-60 min), and effect of electrolyte NaCl (0-20% m/v) addition are evaluated. Under optimized conditions, 0.3% m/v Triton X-114, 0.05% m/v DFC and 10% m/v NaCl are used for chromium (VI) extraction. This method allows detection and quantification limits of 0.4 μg L -1 and 1.5 μg L-1, respectively, and a linear calibration range from 5 to 500 μg L-1. The preconcentration factor obtained is 27 and the extraction efficiency achieved varies from 87 to 99.3%.3117380Manzoori, J.L., Sorouraddin, M.H., Shemiran, F., (1996) Anal. Lett., 29 (11), p. 2007Wang, C., Martin, D.F., Martin, B.B., (1999) J. Environ. Sci. Health, A34 (3), p. 705Padarauskas, A., Judzentiene, A., Naujalis, E., Paliulionyte, V., (1998) J. Chromatogr. A, 808 (1-2), p. 193Shemirani, F., Abkenar, S.D., Mirroshandel, A.A., Niasari, M.S., Kozania, R.R., (2003) Anal. Sci., 19 (10), p. 1453Paleologos, E.K., Vlessidis, A.G., Karayannis, M.I., Evmiridis, N.P., (2003) Anal. Chim. Acta, 477 (2), p. 223Paleologos, E.K., Stalikas, C.D., Tzouwara-Karayanni, S.M., Karayannis, M.I., (2001) Anal. Chim. Acta, 436 (1), p. 49Giokas, D.L., Paleologos, E.K., Tzouwara-Karayanni, S.M., Karayannis, M.I., (2001) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16 (5), p. 521Nascentes, C.C., Arruda, M.A.Z., (2003) Talanta, 61, p. 759Paleologos, E.K., Stalikas, C.D., Tzouwara-Karayanni, S.M., Pilidis, G.A., Karayannis, M.I., (2000) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15 (3), p. 287Coelho, L.M., Arruda, M.A.Z., (2005) Spectrochim. Acta B, 60 (5), p. 743Cordero, B.M., Pavón, J.L.P., Pinto, C.G., Laespada, M.E.F., (1993) Talanta, 40 (11), p. 1703Maniasso, N., (2001) Quim. Nova, 24 (1), p. 87Hinze, W.L., Pramauro, E., (1993) Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 24 (2), p. 133Stalikas, C.D., (2002) Trends Anal. Chem., 21 (5), p. 343Bezerra, M.A., Arruda, M.A.Z., Ferreira, S.L.C., (2005) Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 40 (4), p. 269Sanz-Medel, A., De La Campa, M.R.F., Gonzalez, E.B., Fernandez-Sanchez, M.L., (1999) Spectrochim. Acta B, 54 (2), p. 251Willems, G.J., Blaton, N.M., Peeters, O.M., De Ranter, C.J., (1977) Anal. Chim. Acta, 88 (2), p. 345Nascentes, C.C., (2002) Emprego de Diferentes Estratégias para Análises Em Larga Escala: Screening, Extração Ultra-sônica e Pré-concentração Por Ponto Nuvem, p. 140. , Tese de Doutorado, Unicamp, CampinasKomaromy-Hiller, G., Calkins, N., Wandruszka, R., (1996) Langmuir, 12, p. 916Tarley, C.R.T., Arruda, M.A.Z., (2004) Anal. Sci., 20, p. 961Ferreira, S.L.C., Lemos, V.A., Moreira, B.C., Costa, A.C.S., Santelli, R.E., (2000) Anal. Chim. Acta, 403, p. 259(1987) Analyst, 11, p. 119http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/res/res86/res2086.htm

Preconcentration Procedure Using Cloud Point Extraction In The Presence Of Electrolyte For Cadmium Determination By Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

This paper describes a micelle-mediated phase separation in the presence of electrolyte as a preconcentration method for cadmium determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Cadmium was complexed with ammonium O,O-diethyldithiophosphate (DDTP) in an acidic medium (0.32 mol l- 1 HCl) using Triton X-114 as surfactant and quantitatively extracted into a small volume (about 20 μl) of the surfactant-rich phase after centrifugation. The chemical variables that affect the cloud point extraction, such as complexing time (0-20 min), Triton X114 concentration (0.043-0.87% w/v) and complexing agent concentration (0.01-0.1 mol l- 1), were investigated. The cloud point is formed in the presence of NaCl at room temperature (25 °C), and the electrolyte concentration (0.5-5% w/v) was also investigated. Under optimized conditions, only 8 ml of sample was used in the presence of 0.043% w/v Triton X-114 and 1% (w/v) NaCl. 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Atomic Spectrometry Based On Metallic Tube Atomizers Heated By Flame: Innovative Strategies From Fundamentals To Analysis

This review describes recent developments in atomic absorption spectrometry using metallic tube atomizers heated by flames. Sample introduction in spray or gaseous form is emphasized, describing some proposed systems for this task and the fundamentals involved in each context. The latest challenges and future possibilities for use of metallic tubes in atomic/mass spectrometry are also considered. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.646477481Brancalion, M.L., Sabadini, E., Arruda, M.A.Z., Thermospray nebulization for flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry - correlations between spray formation and cadmium analytical sensitivity (2009) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 64, pp. 89-94Blank, P.C., De Loos-Vollebregt, M.T.C., De Galan, L., Flow-injection thermospray sample decomposition for electrothermal atomization atomic-absorption spectrometry (1988) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 43, pp. 983-987Lefebvre, A.H., (1989) Atomization and Sprays, , Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, USAMontaser, A., Tan, H., Ishii, I., Nam, S.H., Cai, M., Argon inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with high efficiency nebulization (1991) Anal. Chem., 63, pp. 2660-2665Weber, A.P., Keil, R., Tobler, L., Baltensperger, U., Sensitivities of inductively coupled plasma optical-emission spectrometry for dry and wet aerosols (1992) Anal. Chem., 64, pp. 672-677Jankowski, K., Karmasz, D., Ramsza, A., Reszke, E., Characteristics of nebulizers for microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry - II: ultrasonic nebulizers (1997) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 52, pp. 1813-1823Gáspár, A., Berndt, H., Beam injection flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: a new method (2000) Anal. Chem., 72, pp. 240-246Gáspár, A., Berndt, H., Thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) - a simple method for trace element determination with microsamples in the μg/l concentration range (2000) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 55, pp. 587-597Wei, J., Shui, W., Zhou, F., Lu, Y., Chen, K., Xu, G., Naturally and externally pulsed electrospray (2002) Mass Spectrom. Rev., 21, pp. 148-162Grotti, M., Lagomarsino, C., Frache, R., A new nebulization device with exachangeable aerosol generation mode as a useful toll to investigate sample introduction process in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (2004) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 59, pp. 1001-1006Conver, T.S., Yang, J., Koropchak, J.A., New developments in thermospray sample introduction for atomic spectrometry (1997) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 52, pp. 1087-1104Dědina, J., Rubeska, L., Hydride atomization in a cool hydrogen-oxygen flame burning in a quartz tube atomizer (1980) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 35, pp. 119-128Nascentes, C.C., Arruda, M.A.Z., Nogueira, A.R.A., Nóbrega, J.A., Direct determination of Cu and Zn in fruit juice and bovine milk by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorpition spectrometry (2004) Talanta, 64, pp. 912-917Nascentes, C.C., Kamogawa, M.Y., Fernandes, K.G., Arruda, M.A.Z., Nogueira, A.R.A., Nóbrega, J.A., Direct determination of Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn, in beer by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (2005) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 60, pp. 749-753Pereira-Filho, E.R., Berndt, H., Arruda, M.A.Z., Simultaneous sample digestion and determination of Cd, Cu and Pb in biological samples using thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) with slurry sample introduction (2002) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17, pp. 1308-1315Tarley, C.R.T., Figueiredo, E.C., Matos, G.D., Thermospray flame furnace - AAS determination of copper after on-line sorbent preconcentration using a system optimized by experimental designs (2005) Anal. Sci., 21, pp. 1337-1342Ribeiro, A.S., Arruda, M.A.Z., Cadore, S., Determination of bismuth in metallurgical materials using a quartz tube atomizer with tungsten coil and flow injection-hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry (2002) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 57, pp. 2113-2120Ribeiro, A.S., Arruda, M.A.Z., Cadore, S., A quartz tube atomizer with tungsten coil: a new system for vapor atomization in atomic absorption spectrometry (2002) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17, pp. 1516-1522Figueiredo, E.C., Dědina, J., Arruda, M.A.Z., Metal furnace heated by flame as a hydride atomizer for atomic absorption spectrometry: Sb determination in environmental and pharmaceutical samples (2007) Talanta, 73, pp. 621-628Klassen, A., Kim, M.L., Tudino, M.B., Baccan, N., Arruda, M.A.Z., A metallic, furnace atomizer in hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry: determination of bismuth and selenium (2008) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 63, pp. 850-855Zhang, X., Chem, D., Marquardt, R., Koropchak, J.A., Thermospray sample introduction to atomic spectrometry (2000) Microchem. J., 66, pp. 17-53Blakley, C.R., McAdams, M.J., Vestal, M.L., Crossed-beam liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer combination (1978) J. Chromatogr. A, 158, pp. 261-276Blakley, C.R., Carmody, J.J., Vestal, M.L., A new soft ionization technique for mass spectrometry of complex molecules (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102, pp. 5931-5933Vestel, M.L., Fergusson, G.J., Thermospray liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer interface with direct electrical heating of the capillary (1985) Anal. Chem., 57, pp. 2373-2378Bordera, L., Todoli, J.L., Mora, J., Canals, A., Hermandis, V., A microwave-powered thermospray nebulizer for liquid sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (1997) Anal. Chem., 69, pp. 3578-3586Koropchak, J.A., Veber, M., Thermospray sample introduction to atomic spectrometry (1992) Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 23, pp. 113-141Brancalion, M.L., Sabadini, E., Arruda, M.A.Z., Description of the thermospray formed at low flow rate in thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry based on high-speed images (2007) Anal. Chem., 79, pp. 6527-6533Gottfried, B.S., Lee, C.J., Bell, K.J., Leidenfrost phenomenon - film boiling of liquid droplets on a flat plate (1966) Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 9, pp. 1167-1187C. Wares, (Translation), K.J. Bell, (Introduction), On the fixation of water in diverse fire, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 9(1966)1153-1166. Taken from J. G. Leidenfrost, A Tract About Some Qualities of WaterGermany, 1756http://gepam.iqm.unicamp.br/files/001.wmvBrancalion, M.L., Arruda, M.A.Z., Evaluation of medicinal plant decomposition efficiency using microwave ovens and mini-vials for Cd determination by TS-FF-AAS (2005) Microchim. Acta, 150, pp. 283-290Rosini, F., Nascentes, C.C., Neira, J.Y., Nóbrega, J.A., Evaluation of selenium behavior in thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (2007) Talanta, 73, pp. 845-849González, E., Ahumada, R., Medina, V., Neira, J., González, U., Espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con tubo en la llama: Aplicación en la determinación total de cadmio, plomo, y zinc en aguas frescas, agua de mar y sedimentos marinos (2004) Quim. Nova, 27, pp. 873-877Berndt, H., Pulvermacher, E., Sample introduction assisted by compressed air in flame furnace AAS: a simple and sensitive method for the determination of traces of toxic element (2005) Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 382, pp. 1826-1834Petrucelli, G.A., Poppi, R.J., Mincato, R.L., Pereira-Filho, E.R., TS-FF-AAS and multivariate calibration: a proposition for sewage sludge slurry sample analyses (2007) Talanta, 71, pp. 620-626Wu, P., Gao, Y., Cheng, G., Yang, W., Lv, Y., Hou, X., Selective determination of trace amounts of silver in complicated matrices by displacement-cloud point extraction coupled with thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (2008) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 23, pp. 752-757Coelho, L.M., Bezerra, M.A., Arruda, M.A.Z., Bruns, R.E., Ferreira, S.L.C., Determination of Cd, Cu, and Pb after cloud point extraction using multielemental sequential determination by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS) (2008) Sep. Sci. Technol., 43, pp. 815-827Pereira, M.G., Pereira-Filho, E.R., Berndt, H., Arruda, M.A.Z., Determination of cadmium and lead at low levels by using preconcentration at fullerene coupled to thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (2004) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 59, pp. 515-521Tarley, C.R.T., Arruda, M.A.Z., Online coupling of a flow injection system to TS-FF-AAS for preconcentration and determination of lead in water and vegetables (2005) Anal. Lett., 38, pp. 1427-1443Tarley, C.R.T., Arruda, M.A.Z., A simple method for cadmium determination using an on-line polyuretane foam preconcentration system and thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (2004) Anal. Sci., 20, pp. 961-966Lemos, V.A., Bezerra, M.A., Amorim, F.A.C., On-line preconcentration using a resin functionalized with 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid for the determination of trace elements in biological samples by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (2008) J. Hazardous Mat., 157, pp. 613-619Amorim, F.A.C., Bezerra, M.A., Online preconcentration system for determining ultratrace amounts of Cd in vegetals samples using thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (2007) Microchim. Acta, 159, pp. 183-189Tarley, C.R.T., Barbosa, A.F., Segatelli, M.G., Figueiredo, E.C., Luccas, P.O., Highly improved sensitivity of TS-FF-AAS for Cd(II) determination at ng L- 1 levels using a simple flow injection minicolumn preconcentration system with multiwall carbon nanotubes (2006) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 21, pp. 1305-1313Gáspár, A., Széles, E., Berndt, H., Analysis of submicroliter samples using micro thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (2002) Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 372, pp. 136-140Matos, G.D., Arruda, M.A.Z., Improvement in cobalt determination by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using an on-line derivatization strategy (2008) Talanta, 76, pp. 475-478Yavuz Ataman, O., Vapor generation and atom traps: atomic absorption spectrometry at the ng/L level (2008) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 63, pp. 825-834Moretto, A.L., Cadore, S., Determination of arsenic in food samples by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrometry (2004) Microchim. Acta, 146, pp. 239-244Yersel, M., Erdem, A., Eroǧlu, A.E., Shahwan, T., Separation of trace antimony and arsenic prior to hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric determination (2005) Anal. Chim. Acta, 534, pp. 293-300Karanassios, V., Grishko, V., Reynolds, G.G., Elemental analysis of micro-samples of liquids or slurries by coiled-filament in-torch vaporization-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ITV-ICP-AES) (1999) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 14, pp. 565-570Badiei, H.R., Karanassios, V., Rhenium-cup in-torch vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for liquid, slurry or solid micro-samples (2000) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15, pp. 1057-1062Badiei, H.R., Rutzke, M.A., Karanassios, V., Calcium content of individual, microscopic, (sub) nanoliter volume Paramecium sp. cells using rhenium-cup in torch vaporization (ITV) sample introduction and axially viewed ICP-AES (2002) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 17, pp. 1007-1010Gibson, B., Badiei, H.R., Karanassios, V., Ti in dilute slurries of TiO2 nanoparticles by in-torch vaporization sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (2006) Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 61, pp. 753-75

Mechanisation In Sample Preparation By Microwaves: The State-of-the-art [mecanização No Preparo De Amostras Por Microondas: O Estado Da Arte]

This review presents the latest advances of the mechanisation in sample preparation using microwave oven. The fundamental principles of microwaves field interaction with matter are presented, followed by the basic principles of microwave equipment construction. Hyphenation of microwave oven with flow injection analysis or robotic are discussed as well as some metodological difficulties and solutions by its implementation.206638643Kingston, H.M., Jassie, L.B., (1986) Anal. Chem., 58, p. 2534Kimber, G.M., Kokot, S., (1990) Trends Anal. Chem., 9, p. 203Kuss, H.M., (1992) Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 343, p. 788Heltai, G., Percsich, K., (1994) Talanta, 41, p. 1067López, J.C., Reija, C., Montavo, R., Cervera, M.L., De La Guardia, M., (1994) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 9, p. 651Abu-Samra, A., Morris, J.S., Koirtyohann, S.R., (1975) Anal. Chem., 47, p. 1475Kingston, H.M., Jassie, L.B., (1988) Introduction to Microwave Sample Preparation - Theory and Practice, , ACS Professional Reference Book, WashingtonTsukada, S., Demura, R., Yamamoto, I., (1985) Eisei Kagaku, 31, p. 37Puschner, H., (1966) Heating with Microwaves, , Springer-Verlag, N. YorkAysola, P., Anderson, P., Langford, C.M., (1987) Anal. Chem., 59, p. 1582Nadkardi, R.A., (1984) Anal. Chem., 56, p. 2233Alexander, M., Wandt, E., Pougnet, M.A.B., (1986) Analyst, 111, p. 1249Barret, P., Davidoswski Jr., L.J., Penaro, K.W., Capeland, T.R., (1978) Anal. Chem., 50, p. 1021Whire Jr., R.T., Douthit, G.E., (1985) J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 68, p. 766De La Guardia, M., Salvador, A., Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., (1985) J. Flow Injection Anal., 5, p. 121Demura, R., Tsukada, S., Yamamoto, I., (1985) Bunseki Kagaku, 31, p. 405Nadkardi, R.A., (1984) Anal. Chem., 56, p. 2233Blust, R., Van Der Linden, A., Declair, W., (1985) At. Spectrosc., 6, p. 163Reis, B.F., (1996) Quím. Nova, 19, p. 51Burguera, M., Burguera, J.L., Alarcón, O.M., (1986) Anal. Chim. Acta, 179, p. 351Arruda, M.A.Z., Fostier, A.H., Krug, F.J., (1997) J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 8, p. 39Haswell, S.J., Barclay, D., (1992) Analyst, 117, p. 117Karanassios, V., Li, F.H., Liu, B., Salin, E.D., (1991) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 6, p. 457Gluodenis Jr., T.J., Tyson, J.F., (1993) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 8, p. 697Burguera, M., Burguera, J.L., (1993) Lab. Robotics and Antom.(LRA), 5, p. 277Arruda, M.A.Z., Gallego, M., Valcárcel, M., (1996) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 11, p. 169Welz, B., Tsalev, D.L., Sperling, M., (1992) Anal. Chim. Acta, 261, p. 91Hanna, C.P., (1995) McIntosh, S. A., At. Spectrosc., MAIO- JUNHO, p. 106Willians, K.E., Haswell, S.J., Barclay, D.A., Preston, G., (1993) Analyst, 118, p. 245Cabrera, C., Madrid, Y., Camara, C., (1994) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 9, p. 1423Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., Brunetto, M.R., (1993) At. Spectrosc., 14, p. 90Burguera, M., Burguera, J.L., Rondón, C., Rivas, C., Carrero, P., Gallignani, M., Brunetto, M.R., (1995) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 10, p. 343Carbonell, V., Morales-Rubio, A., Salvador, A., De La Guardia, M., Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., (1992) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 7, p. 1085Arruda, M.A.Z., Gallego, M., Valcárcel, M., (1995) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 10, p. 501Burguera, M., Burguera, J.L., Garaboto, A.M.F., Alarcón, O.M., (1987) Quím. Anal., 6, p. 427Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., (1993) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 8, p. 235Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., Carrero, P., Rivas, C., Gallignani, M., Brunetto, M.R., (1995) Anal. Chim. Acta, 308, p. 349De La Guardia, M., Carbonell, V., Morales-Rubio, A., Salvador, A., (1993) Talanta, 40, p. 1609Almeida, M.D., Leandro, K.C., Costa, C.V., Santelli, R.E., De La Guardia, M., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., , submetidoMorales-Rubio, A., Mena, M.L., McLeod, C.W., (1995) Anal. Chim. Acta, 308, p. 364Bryce, D.W., Izquierdo, A., Luque De Castro, M.D., (1996) Anal. Chim. Acta, 324, p. 69Carbonell, V., De La Guardia, M., Salvador, A., Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., (1990) Anal. Chim. Acta, 238, p. 417Tsalev, D.L., Sperling, M., Welz, B., (1992) Analyst, 117, p. 1729Tsalev, D.L., Sperling, M., Welz, B., (1992) Analyst, 117, p. 1735López-González, M.A., Gómez, M.M., Cámara, C., Palacios, M.A., (1994) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 9, p. 291Guo, T., Baasner, J., (1993) Talanta, 40, p. 1927Balconi, M.L., Borgarello, M., Ferrasoli, R., Realini, F., (1992) Anal. Chim. Acta, 261, p. 295Schmitt, A., Buttle, L., Uglow, R., Williams, K., Haswell, S., (1993) Anal. Chim. Acta, 284, p. 249Benson, R.L., Mckelvie, I.D., Hart, B.T., Hamilton, I.C., (1994) Anal. Chim. Acta, 291, p. 249Arruda, M.A.Z., Fostier, A.E., Krug, F.J., J. Braz. Chim. Soc., , no preloBurguera, M., Burguera, J.L., (1996) Quím. Anal., 15, p. 112Zlotorzynski, A., (1995) Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 25, p. 43Sturgeon, R.E., Willie, S.N., Methven, B.A., Lam, J.W.H., (1995) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 10, p. 981De La Guardia, M., Salvador, A., Burguera, J.L., Burguera, M., (1988) J. Flow Injection Anal., 5, p. 121Knapp, G., comunicação pessoalTorres, P., Ballesteros, E., Luque De Castro, M.D., (1995) Anal. Chim. Acta, 308, p. 37

Slurry Sampling: The Technique Employment In The Direct Sample Analysis [amostragem De Suspensões: Emprego Da Técnica Na Análise Direta De Amostras]

This review presents some characteristics related to slurry sampling in trace analysis in terms of its advantages, limitations and applications, as well as the latest advance in this area, such as mechanization, chemical modifiers, stabilization agents and others. The reviewed applications include foods, biological and geological materials.214459466Sulcek, Z., Povondra, P., (1989) Methods of Decomposition in Inorganic Analysis, 325p. , CRC Press, Boca Raton - FloridaBock, R., (1979) A Handbook of Decomposition Methods in Analytical Chemistry, 444p. , International Texbook, GlasgowVan Loon, J.C., (1980) Anal. Chem., 52, pp. 955ABerndt, H., (1984) Spectrochim. Acta, 39 B, p. 1121Stupar, J., (1986) J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 1, p. 373Campos, R.C., Curtius, A., Berndt, H., (1990) J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 5, p. 669Magalhães, C.E.C., Krug, F.J., Fostier, A.H., Berndt, H., (1997) J. Anal. At. Spectrom., , in pressBrady, D.V., Montalvo, J.G., Jung, J., Curran, R.A., (1974) At. Absorpt. 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