Transversality of the logarithmic divergences in the Classical Finite Temperature SU(N) Self-Energy

We show that the logarithmic divergences that appear in the classical approximation of the finite temperature SU(N) self-energy are transverse. We use the Ward identities in linear gauges and the fact that the superficial degree of divergence d of a classical diagram only depends on the number of loops l via d=2-l. We comment on the relevance of this result to the construction of a low-energy effective theory beyond HTLs.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, REVTE

Asymmetric Chern-Simons number diffusion from CP-violation

We study Chern-Simons number diffusion in a SU(2)-Higgs model with CP-odd dimension-eight operators. We find that the thermal average of the magnitude of the velocity of the Chern-Simons number depends on the direction of the velocity. This implies that the distribution function of the Chern-Simons number will develop an asymmetry. It is argued that this asymmetry manifests itself through a linear growth of the expectation value of the third power of the Chern-Simons number. This linear behavior of the third power of a coordinate of a periodic direction is verified by a numerical solution of a one-dimensional Langevin equation. Further, we make some general remarks on thermal averages and on the possibility of the generation of the baryon asymmetry in a non-equilibrium situation due to asymmetric diffusion of the Chern-Simons number

El rol de las investigadoras en el sector de la construcción

Equal participation of women and men in industrial research is still a major challenge for the European Union. In most European countries, female graduates proportionately outnumber male graduates. However, scientific research and technological development remain male-dominated, especially in industry. Construction is one of the most important industrial sectors in terms of economic growth and employmet, but very little is known about the role of women in construction research and the factors that are hindering a more equal presence of women and men. As result of an extensive field work undertaken at European level, this paper offers a picture of the current situation of women in construction research that shows evidences of important inequalities. This work has allowed the development of recommendations for empowering women in construction research, addressing the opportunities for moving towards gender equality in this field. To invest in human capital for research is seen as an outstanding necessity within construction sector, and both women and men should fully develop their potential.La participación equitativa de mujeres y hombres en la investigación científica y el desarrollo tecnológico (I+D) es todavía un desafío por alcanzar en la Unión Europea. Las mujeres europeas siguen estando infra-representadas en este espacio, especialmente en los sectores industriales, a pesar de que en la mayoría de los países miembros la proporción de graduadas excede a la de graduados varones. Esta comunicación presenta cómo es la situación de las investigadoras en el sector de la construcción en Europa, centrando la atención en el papel que juegan en la I+D de este sector, su influencia, perspectivas de futuro, retos y oportunidades. Se presentan los principales resultados soportados por un extensivo trabajo de campo cofinanciado por la Comisión Europea, que muestran una situación de importante desigualdad. Este trabajo ha originado la propuesta de un conjunto de recomendaciones dirigidas a fortalecer la presencia femenina en el ámbito de la I+D en la construcción, e impulsar medios específicos que favorezcan la inhibición de las dificultades que encuentran las mujeres en su profesión científica. Más que nunca, en estos momentos de recesión económica, será necesario invertir en capital humano para la I+D, permitiendo que tanto las mujeres como los hombres puedan desplegar plenamente su potencial

Tachyonic preheating using 2PI-1/N dynamics and the classical approximation

We study the process of tachyonic preheating using approximative quantum equations of motion derived from the 2PI effective action. The O(N) scalar (Higgs) field is assumed to experience a fast quench which is represented by an instantaneous flip of the sign of the mass parameter. The equations of motion are solved numerically on the lattice, and the Hartree and 1/N-NLO approximations are compared to the classical approximation. Classical dynamics is expected to be valid, since the occupation numbers can rise to large values during tachyonic preheating. We find that the classical approximation performs excellently at short and intermediate times, even for couplings in the larger region currently allowed for the SM Higgs. This is reassuring, since all previous numerical studies of tachyonic preheating and baryogenesis during tachyonic preheating have used classical dynamics. We also compare different initializations for the classical simulations.Comment: 32 pages, 21 figures. Published version: Some details added, section added, references added, conclusions unchange

Use of lectins to characterise genetic variability and geographic differentiation in natural populations of Thunnus alalunga (Bonn. 1788)

New tools from cell and molecular biology can be used to implement the knowledge of fish biology and fisheries. In this sense, we suggest that the use of lectins can be an understandable procedure to study population structure of fishes. Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins of nonimmune origin that agglutinate cells and/or precipitate complex carbohydrates. Several lectins behave like blood group antibodies and can be used as specific gene markers. We characterise blood groups of Thunnus alalunga worldwide populations under a population genetics point of view using lectins. Fishes from several populations of Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans were captured and 5 mL blood was obtained from each fish. Each fish was treated with 8 FITC-labelled lectins. The binding activity of the lectins was detected using a fluorescence assay. Several statistical procedures of populations genetics were employed to analyse genetic variability, geographic differentiation, and genetic distance showing that: i) there is genetic variability within Thunnus alalunga populations, ii) we detect highly significant heterogeneity among populations, and considerable geographic differentiation, iii) Mediterranean population is quite distant of North Atlantic population, iv) North and South Atlantic populations are extremely distant, v) Pacific population is the most distant from the others , vi) Gulf of Guinea and South Atlantic populations are distant, vii) Gulf of Guinea and North Atlantic are proximate, viii) Indian and South Atlantic populations are also proximate.De nouveaux moyens fournis par la biologie cellulaire et moléculaire peuvent servir à appliquer les connaissances sur la biologie et la pêche du poisson. A cet égard, nous suggérons que l'utilisation des lectines peut constituer un processus raisonnable pour étudier la structure des stocks de poisson. Les lectines sont des protéines ou des glycoprotéines d'origine non-immunitaire qui agglutinent les cellules et/ou précipitent les carbohydrates complexes. Plusieurs lectines se comportent comme des anticorps de groupes sanguins et peuvent servir de marqueurs génétiques spécifiques. Nous identifions les groupes sanguins des populations globales de Thunnus alalunga du point de vue de la génétique des populations au moyen de lectines. Des poissons de plusieurs stocks de la Méditerranée, de l'Atlantique, du Pacifique et de l'océan Indien ont été capturés, et 5 ml de leur sang a été prélevé. Chacun de ces poissons a été traité avec des lectines dénommées 8 FITC. L'activité agglutinante des lectines a été détectée au moyen de tests de fluorescence. Plusieurs processus statistiques de génétique des populations ont été employées pour analyser la variabilité générique, la différentiation géographique et l'écartement génétique, d'où: i) il existe une variabilité génétique su sein des populations de Thunnus alalunga, ii) nous détectons un degré très significatif d'hétérogénéité entre les populations, et une différentiation géographique considérable, iii) la population méditerranéenne se démarque assez de la population nordatlantique, iv) les populations du nord et du sud de l'Atlantique sont extrêmement distinctes, v) la population du Pacifique est celle qui se différencie le plus des autres, vi) les populations du golfe de Guinée et de l'Atlantique sud sont distinctes, vii) les populations du golfe de Guinée et de l'Atlantique nord sont proches, viii) les populations de l'océan Indien et de l'Atlantique sud sont également proches.Las nuevas herramientas de biología molecular y celular se pueden utilizar para implementar el conocimiento de la biología de los peces y de la pesca. En este sentido, proponemos la utilización de lectinas como procedimiento comprensible para estudiar la estructura de población de los peces. Las lectinas son proteínas o glucoproteínas de origen no inmune que aglutinan células o precipitan carbohidratos complejos. Muchas lectinas se comportan como anticuerpos de grupos sanguíneos y pueden utilizarse como marcadores genéticos específicos. Hemos identificado grupos sanguíneos de poblaciones de Thunnus alalunga de todo el mundo desde el punto de vista de genética de poblaciones mediante lectinas. Se capturaron peces de varias poblaciones del mar Mediterráneo y de los océanos Atlántico, Pacífico e Índico y se les extrajo 5 mL de sangre a cada uno. Se trató a cada pez con lectinas marcadas con FITC 8. La actividad aglutinante de la lectina se detectó utilizando fluorimetrías. Se emplearon varios procedimientos estadísticos de genética de poblaciones para analizar la variabilidad genética, diferenciación geográfica y distancia genética, que mostraron que: i) existe una variabilidad genética dentro de las poblaciones de Thunnus alalunga; ii) detectamos una heterogeneidad muy significativa entre las poblaciones y una considerable diferenciación geográfica; iii) la población mediterránea se distancia bastante de la población del Atlántico Norte, iv) las poblaciones del Atlántico norte y sur son extremadamente distantes; v) La población del Pacífico es la que presenta una mayor distancia con respecto a las demás; vi) las poblaciones del Atlántico Sur y del Golfo de Guinea son distantes; vii) las poblaciones del Golfo de Guinea y el Atlántico norte son próximas; viii) las poblaciones del Índico y el Atlántico sur también son próximas

The opportunity for smart city projects at municipal scale: Implementing a positive energy district in Zorrozaurre

The urgency of climate change is demanding new urban energy transition processes that will be accelerated by the implementation of innovative urban solutions. This paper proposes a three-step methodology to encompass the energy transition in cities. Firstly, the design of urban spaces in accordance to Positive Energy District (PED) concept is defining a very ambitious objective that will lead the development and implementation of innovative urban approaches. Secondly, the implementation of Urban City Labs is proposed for testing and demonstrating urban innovations at real scale as reasonable approach for consolidated urban landscapes. Thirdly, energy transition is demanding new governance mechanisms where top-down and bottom-up perspectives are continually combined and harmonized. ATELIER H2020 is accelerating the demonstration of this methodology at the recently defined PED in Zorrozaurre (Bilbao, Basque Country)

Counting defects with the two-point correlator

We study how topological defects manifest themselves in the equal-time two-point field correlator. We consider a scalar field with Z_2 symmetry in 1, 2 and 3 spatial dimensions, allowing for kinks, domain lines and domain walls, respectively. Using numerical lattice simulations, we find that in any number of dimensions, the correlator in momentum space is to a very good approximation the product of two factors, one describing the spatial distribution of the defects and the other describing the defect shape. When the defects are produced by the Kibble mechanism, the former has a universal form as a function of k/n, which we determine numerically. This signature makes it possible to determine the kink density from the field correlator without having to resort to the Gaussian approximation. This is essential when studying field dynamics with methods relying only on correlators (Schwinger-Dyson, 2PI).Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

Transport coefficients from the 2PI effective action

We show that the lowest nontrivial truncation of the two-particle irreducible (2PI) effective action correctly determines transport coefficients in a weak coupling or 1/N expansion at leading (logarithmic) order in several relativistic field theories. In particular, we consider a single real scalar field with cubic and quartic interactions in the loop expansion, the O(N) model in the 2PI-1/N expansion, and QED with a single and many fermion fields. Therefore, these truncations will provide a correct description, to leading (logarithmic) order, of the long time behavior of these systems, i.e. the approach to equilibrium. This supports the promising results obtained for the dynamics of quantum fields out of equilibrium using 2PI effective action techniques.Comment: 5 pages, explanation in introduction expanded, summary added; to appear in PR

Hard gluon damping in hot QCD

The gluon collisional width in hot QCD plasmas is discussed with emphasis on temperatures near $T_c$, where the coupling is large. Considering its effect on the entropy, which is known from lattice calculations, it is argued that the width, which in the perturbative limit is given by $\gamma \sim g^2 \ln(1/g) T$, should be sizeable at intermediate temperatures but has to be small close to $T_c$. Implications of these results for several phenomenologically relevant quantities, such as the energy loss of hard jets, are pointed out.Comment: uses RevTex and graphic