1,181 research outputs found
A Note on the correspondence between Qubit Quantum Operations and Special Relativity
We exploit a well-known isomorphism between complex hermitian
matrices and , which yields a convenient real vector
representation of qubit states. Because these do not need to be normalized we
find that they map onto a Minkowskian future cone in , whose
vertical cross-sections are nothing but Bloch spheres. Pure states are
represented by light-like vectors, unitary operations correspond to special
orthogonal transforms about the axis of the cone, positive operations
correspond to pure Lorentz boosts. We formalize the equivalence between the
generalized measurement formalism on qubit states and the Lorentz
transformations of special relativity, or more precisely elements of the
restricted Lorentz group together with future-directed null boosts. The note
ends with a discussion of the equivalence and some of its possible
consequences.Comment: 6 pages, revtex, v3: revised discussio
Call-by-value non-determinism in a linear logic type discipline
We consider the call-by-value lambda-calculus extended with a may-convergent
non-deterministic choice and a must-convergent parallel composition. Inspired
by recent works on the relational semantics of linear logic and non-idempotent
intersection types, we endow this calculus with a type system based on the
so-called Girard's second translation of intuitionistic logic into linear
logic. We prove that a term is typable if and only if it is converging, and
that its typing tree carries enough information to give a bound on the length
of its lazy call-by-value reduction. Moreover, when the typing tree is minimal,
such a bound becomes the exact length of the reduction
Central Review of Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities in Two Phase III Clinical Trials of Bapineuzumab in Mild-To-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Patients
BACKGROUND: Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) consist of ARIA-E (with effusion or edema) and ARIA-H (hemosiderin deposits [HDs]).
OBJECTIVES: To address accurate ascertainment of ARIA identification, a final magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reading was performed on patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease randomized to bapineuzumab IV or placebo during two Phase III trials (APOE ɛ4 allele carriers or noncarriers).
METHODS: Final MRI central review consisted of a systematic sequential locked, adjudicated read in 1,331 APOE ɛ4 noncarriers and 1,121 carriers by independent neuroradiologists. Assessment of ARIA-E, ARIA-H, intracerebral hemorrhages, and age-related white matter changes is described.
RESULTS: In the Final Read, treatment-emergent ARIA-E were identified in 242 patients including 76 additional cases not noted previously in real time. Overall, incidence proportion of ARIA-E was higher in carriers (active 21.2%; placebo 1.1%) than in noncarriers (pooled active 11.3%; placebo 0.6%), and was more often identified in homozygote APOE ɛ4 carriers than heterozygotes (34.5% versus 16.9%). Incidence rate of ARIA-E increased with increased dose in noncarriers. Frequency of ARIA-E first episodes was highest after the first and second bapineuzumab infusion and declined after repeated infusions. Incidence of total HDs <10 mm (cerebral microhemorrhages) was higher in active groups versus placebo.
CONCLUSION: ARIA was detected more often on MRI scans when every scan was reviewed by trained neuroradiologists and results adjudicated. There was increased incidence of ARIA-E in bapineuzumab-treated carriers who had a microhemorrhage at baseline. ARIA-E was a risk factor for incident ARIA-H and late onset ARIA-E was milder radiologically. Age-related white matter changes did not progress during the study
Delegating Quantum Computation in the Quantum Random Oracle Model
A delegation scheme allows a computationally weak client to use a server's
resources to help it evaluate a complex circuit without leaking any information
about the input (other than its length) to the server. In this paper, we
consider delegation schemes for quantum circuits, where we try to minimize the
quantum operations needed by the client. We construct a new scheme for
delegating a large circuit family, which we call "C+P circuits". "C+P" circuits
are the circuits composed of Toffoli gates and diagonal gates. Our scheme is
non-interactive, requires very little quantum computation from the client
(proportional to input length but independent of the circuit size), and can be
proved secure in the quantum random oracle model, without relying on additional
assumptions, such as the existence of fully homomorphic encryption. In practice
the random oracle can be replaced by an appropriate hash function or block
cipher, for example, SHA-3, AES.
This protocol allows a client to delegate the most expensive part of some
quantum algorithms, for example, Shor's algorithm. The previous protocols that
are powerful enough to delegate Shor's algorithm require either many rounds of
interactions or the existence of FHE. The protocol requires asymptotically
fewer quantum gates on the client side compared to running Shor's algorithm
locally.
To hide the inputs, our scheme uses an encoding that maps one input qubit to
multiple qubits. We then provide a novel generalization of classical garbled
circuits ("reversible garbled circuits") to allow the computation of Toffoli
circuits on this encoding. We also give a technique that can support the
computation of phase gates on this encoding.
To prove the security of this protocol, we study key dependent message(KDM)
security in the quantum random oracle model. KDM security was not previously
studied in quantum settings.Comment: 41 pages, 1 figures. Update to be consistent with the proceeding
versio
Composable security of delegated quantum computation
Delegating difficult computations to remote large computation facilities,
with appropriate security guarantees, is a possible solution for the
ever-growing needs of personal computing power. For delegated computation
protocols to be usable in a larger context---or simply to securely run two
protocols in parallel---the security definitions need to be composable. Here,
we define composable security for delegated quantum computation. We distinguish
between protocols which provide only blindness---the computation is hidden from
the server---and those that are also verifiable---the client can check that it
has received the correct result. We show that the composable security
definition capturing both these notions can be reduced to a combination of
several distinct "trace-distance-type" criteria---which are, individually,
non-composable security definitions.
Additionally, we study the security of some known delegated quantum
computation protocols, including Broadbent, Fitzsimons and Kashefi's Universal
Blind Quantum Computation protocol. Even though these protocols were originally
proposed with insufficient security criteria, they turn out to still be secure
given the stronger composable definitions.Comment: 37+9 pages, 13 figures. v3: minor changes, new references. v2:
extended the reduction between composable and local security to include
entangled inputs, substantially rewritten the introduction to the Abstract
Cryptography (AC) framewor
Impurity and quaternions in nonrelativistic scattering from a quantum memory
Models of quantum computing rely on transformations of the states of a
quantum memory. We study mathematical aspects of a model proposed by Wu in
which the memory state is changed via the scattering of incoming particles.
This operation causes the memory content to deviate from a pure state, i.e.
induces impurity. For nonrelativistic particles scattered from a two-state
memory and sufficiently general interaction potentials in 1+1 dimensions, we
express impurity in terms of quaternionic commutators. In this context, pure
memory states correspond to null hyperbolic quaternions. In the case with point
interactions, the scattering process amounts to appropriate rotations of
quaternions in the frequency domain. Our work complements a previous analysis
by Margetis and Myers (2006 J. Phys. A 39 11567--11581).Comment: 16 pages, no figure
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Rapid attribution of the August 2016 flood-inducing extreme precipitation in south Louisiana to climate change
A stationary low pressure system and elevated levels of precipitable water
provided a nearly continuous source of precipitation over Louisiana, United
States (US), starting around 10 August 2016. Precipitation was heaviest in
the region broadly encompassing the city of Baton Rouge, with a 3-day maximum
found at a station in Livingston, LA (east of Baton Rouge), from 12 to 14 August 2016 (648.3 mm, 25.5 inches). The intense precipitation was followed
by inland flash flooding and river flooding and in subsequent days produced
additional backwater flooding. On 16Â August, Louisiana officials reported
that 30 000 people had been rescued, nearly 10 600 people had slept in
shelters on the night of 14 August and at least 60 600 homes had been
impacted to varying degrees. As of 17Â August, the floods were reported to
have killed at least 13 people. As the disaster was unfolding, the Red
Cross called the flooding the worst natural disaster in the US since Super
Storm Sandy made landfall in New Jersey on 24 October 2012. Before the
floodwaters had receded, the media began questioning whether this extreme
event was caused by anthropogenic climate change. To provide the necessary
analysis to understand the potential role of anthropogenic climate change, a
rapid attribution analysis was launched in real time using the best readily
available observational data and high-resolution global climate model
simulations.
The objective of this study is to show the possibility of performing rapid
attribution studies when both observational and model data and analysis
methods are readily available upon the start. It is the authors' aspiration
that the results be used to guide further studies of the devastating
precipitation and flooding event. Here, we present a first estimate of how
anthropogenic climate change has affected the likelihood of a comparable
extreme precipitation event in the central US Gulf Coast. While the
flooding event of interest triggering this study occurred in south Louisiana,
for the purposes of our analysis, we have defined an extreme precipitation
event by taking the spatial maximum of annual 3-day inland maximum
precipitation over the region of 29–31° N, 85–95° W, which
we refer to as the central US Gulf Coast. Using observational data, we find
that the observed local return time of the 12–14 August precipitation event
in 2016 is about 550 years (95 % confidence interval (CI): 450–1450).
The probability for an event like this to happen anywhere in the region is
presently 1 in 30 years (CI 11–110). We estimate that these probabilities
and the intensity of extreme precipitation events of this return time have
increased since 1900. A central US Gulf Coast extreme precipitation event
has effectively become more likely in 2016 than it was in 1900. The global
climate models tell a similar story; in the most accurate analyses, the
regional probability of 3-day extreme precipitation increases by more than a
factor of 1.4 due to anthropogenic climate change. The magnitude of the shift in
probabilities is greater in the 25 km (higher-resolution) climate model than
in the 50 km model. The evidence for a relation to El Niño half a year
earlier is equivocal, with some analyses showing a positive connection and
others none
Polymer-Supported Photosensitizers for Oxidative Organic Transformations in Flow and under Visible Light Irradiation
A 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTZ)–based vinyl crosslinker was synthesized and copolymerized with large excesses of styrene using free radical polymerization to deliver heterogeneous triplet photosensitizers in three distinct physical formats: gels, beads and monoliths. These photosensitizers were employed for the production of singlet oxygen (1O2) and for the aerobic hydroxylation of aryl boronic acids via superoxide radical anion (O2˙-) whereby the materials demonstrated good chemical and photo stability. BTZ-containing beads and monoliths were exploited as photosensitizers in a commercial flow reactor, and 1O2 production was also demonstrated using direct sunlight irradiation, with a conversion rate comparable to the rates achieved when using a 420 nm LED module as the source of photons
Entanglement of distant flux qubits mediated by non-classical electromagnetic field
The mechanism for entanglement of two flux qubits each interacting with a
single mode electromagnetic field is discussed. By performing a Bell state
measurements (BSM) on photons we find the two qubits in an entangled state
depending on the system parameters. We discuss the results for two initial
states and take into consideration the influence of decoherence.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figure
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