Transport Theory beyond Binary Collisions

Using the Schwinger-Keldysh technique, we derive the transport equations for a system of quantum scalar fields. We first discuss the general structure of the equations and then their collision terms. Taking into account up to three-loop diagrams in \phi^3 model and up to four-loop diagrams in \phi^4 model, we obtain the transport equations which include the contributions of multi-particle collisions and particle production processes, in addition to mean-field effects and binary interactions.Comment: 30 pages, 21 figures, minor changes, to appear in Phys. Rev.

A Global Health Partnership's Use of Time-Limited Support to Catalyze Health Practice Change: The Case of GAVI's Injection Safety Support

This paper presents the findings of a study to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of a GAVI (Global Alliance of Vaccines and Immunization) sponsored, time-limited Injection Safety (INS) support. The support came in two forms: 1) in-kind, in the form of AD syringes and safety boxes, and 2) in cash, for those countries that already had a secure, multi-year source of AD syringes and safety boxes, but proposed to use INS support to strengthen their injection safety activities. In total, GAVI gave INS support for a three-year period to 58 countries: 46 with commodities and 12 with cash support. To identify variables that might be associated with financial sustainability, frequencies and cross-tabulations were run against various programmatic and socio-economic variables in the 58 countries. All but two of the 46 commodity-recipient countries were able to replace and sustain the use of AD syringes and safety boxes after the end of their GAVI INS support despite the fact that standard disposable syringes are less costly than ADs (10–15 percent differential). In addition, all 12 cash-recipient countries continued to use AD syringes and safety boxes in their immunization programs in the years following GAVI INS assistance. At the same time, countries were often not prepared for the increased waste management requirements associated with the use of the syringes, suggesting the importance of anticipating challenges with the introduction of new technologies. The sustained use of AD syringes in countries receiving injection safety support from GAVI, in a majority of cases through government financing, following the completion of three years of time-limited support, represents an early indication of how GHPs can contribute to improved health outcomes in immunization safety in the world's poorest countries in a sustainable way

The density functional theory of classical fluids revisited

We reconsider the density functional theory of nonuniform classical fluids from the point of view of convex analysis. From the observation that the logarithm of the grand-partition function $\log \Xi [\phi]$ is a convex functional of the external potential $\phi$ it is shown that the Kohn-Sham free energy ${\cal A}[\rho]$ is a convex functional of the density $\rho$. $\log \Xi [\phi]$ and ${\cal A}[\rho]$ constitute a pair of Legendre transforms and each of these functionals can therefore be obtained as the solution of a variational principle. The convexity ensures the unicity of the solution in both cases. The variational principle which gives $\log \Xi [\phi]$ as the maximum of a functional of $\rho$ is precisely that considered in the density functional theory while the dual principle, which gives ${\cal A}[\rho]$ as the maximum of a functional of $\phi$ seems to be a new result.Comment: 10 page

Matrix Model as a Mirror of Chern-Simons Theory

Using mirror symmetry, we show that Chern-Simons theory on certain manifolds such as lens spaces reduces to a novel class of Hermitian matrix models, where the measure is that of unitary matrix models. We show that this agrees with the more conventional canonical quantization of Chern-Simons theory. Moreover, large N dualities in this context lead to computation of all genus A-model topological amplitudes on toric Calabi-Yau manifolds in terms of matrix integrals. In the context of type IIA superstring compactifications on these Calabi-Yau manifolds with wrapped D6 branes (which are dual to M-theory on G2 manifolds) this leads to engineering and solving F-terms for N=1 supersymmetric gauge theories with superpotentials involving certain multi-trace operators.Comment: harvmac, 54 pages, 13 figure

Ice XII in its second regime of metastability

We present neutron powder diffraction results which give unambiguous evidence for the formation of the recently identified new crystalline ice phase[Lobban et al.,Nature, 391, 268, (1998)], labeled ice XII, at completely different conditions. Ice XII is produced here by compressing hexagonal ice I_h at T = 77, 100, 140 and 160 K up to 1.8 GPa. It can be maintained at ambient pressure in the temperature range 1.5 < T < 135 K. High resolution diffraction is carried out at T = 1.5 K and ambient pressure on ice XII and accurate structural properties are obtained from Rietveld refinement. At T = 140 and 160 K additionally ice III/IX is formed. The increasing amount of ice III/IX with increasing temperature gives an upper limit of T ~ 150 K for the successful formation of ice XII with the presented procedure.Comment: 3 Pages of RevTeX, 3 tables, 3 figures (submitted to Physical Review Letters

Structure Functions of Unstable Lithium Isotopes

We study both the spin-average and spin-dependent structure functions of the lithium isotopes, $^{6-11}$Li, which could be measured at RIKEN and other nuclear facilities in the future. It is found that the light-cone momentum distribution of the valence neutron in the halo of $^{11}$Li is very sharp and symmetric around y = 1, because of the weak binding. The EMC ratios for Li isotopes are then calculated. We study the possibility of extracting the neutron structure function from data for the nuclear structure functions of the Li isotopes. Next we calculate the spin-dependent structure functions of $^{7,9,11}$Li isotopes, which have spin of 3/2. The effect of the nuclear binding and Fermi motion on the multipole spin structure function, $^{3/2}_{~1}g_1$, is about 10% in the region x < 0.7, but it becomes quite important at large x. The spin structure function of $^{3/2}_{~3}g_1$ is also investigated. Finally, we discuss the modification of the Gottfried and Bjorken integrals in a nuclear medium and point out several candidates for a pair of mirror nuclei to study the flavor-nonsinglet quark distributions in nuclei.Comment: 23 pages + 7 tables + 15 figure

n3 and n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids differentially modulate prostaglandin E secretion but not markers of lipogenesis in adipocytes

A dramatic rise in the incidence of obesity in the U.S. has accelerated the search for interventions that may impact this epidemic. One recently recognized target for such intervention is adipose tissue, which secretes a variety of bioactive substances including prostaglandins. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been shown to decrease lipolysis in adipocytes, but limited studies have explored alternative mechanisms by which PGE2 might impact obesity, such as adipogenesis or lipogenesis. Studies conducted on ApcMin/+ mice indicated that selective inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme led to significant reductions in fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in adipose tissue suggesting lipogenic effects of PGE2. To further investigate whether these lipid mediators directly regulate lipogenesis, we used 3T3-L1 adipocytes to determine the impact of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and celecoxib on PGE2 formation and FAS used as a lipogenic marker. Both arachidonic acid (AA) and EPA dose-dependently increased PGE secretion from adipocytes. AA was expectedly more potent and exhibiting at 150 uM dose a 5-fold increase in PGE2 secretion over EPA. Despite higher secretion of PGE by EPA and AA compared to control, neither PUFA significantly altered FAS activity. By contrast both AA and EPA significantly decreased FAS mRNA levels. Addition of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, significantly decreased PGE2 secretion (p < 0.05) versus control, and also significantly decreased FAS activity (p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, the combination of exogenous PGE2 and celecoxib further decreased the FAS activity compared to PGE2 alone or untreated controls. In conclusion, EPA-mediated inhibition of AA metabolism did not significantly alter FAS activity while both AA and EPA significantly decreased FAS mRNA expression. COX-2 inhibition significantly decreased PGE2 production resulting in a decrease in FAS activity and expression that was not reversed with the addition of exogenous PGE2, suggesting an additional mechanism that is independent of COX-2

Temperature and Pressure Dependences of the Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Gas-Phase Acetone and 3-Pentanone

Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) from the S1 state of acetone and 3-pentanone was studied as a function of temperature and pressure using excitation at 248 nm. Additionally, LIF of 3-pentanone was investigated using 277 and 312 nm excitation. Added gases were synthetic air, O2, and N2 respectively, in the range 0–50 bar. At 383 K and for excitation at 248 nm, all the chosen collision partners gave an initial enhancement in fluorescence intensity with added gas pressure. Thereafter, the signal intensity remained constant for N2 but decreased markedly for O2. For synthetic air, only a small decrease occurred beyond 25 bar. At longer excitation wavelengths (277 and 312 nm), the corresponding initial rise in signal with synthetic air pressure was less than that for 248 nm. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensity was determined in the range 383–640 K at a constant pressure of 1 bar synthetic air. For 248 nm excitation, a marked fall in the fluorescence signal was observed, whereas for 277 nm excitation the corresponding decrease was only half as strong. By contrast, exciting 3-pentanone at 312 nm, the signal intensity increased markedly in the same temperature range. These results are consistent with the observation of a red shift of the absorption spectra (9 nm) over this temperature range. Essentially, the same temperature dependence was obtained at 10 and 20 bar pressure of synthetic air. It is demonstrated that temperatures can be determined from the relative fluorescence intensities following excitation of 3-pentanone at 248 and 312 nm, respectively. This new approach could be of interest as a non-intrusive thermometry method, e.g., for the compression phase in combustion engines.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86780/1/Sick44.pd

Inclusive Scattering of Polarized Electrons on Polarized 3He Effects of Final State Interaction and the Magnetic Form Factor of the Neutron

Effects of final state interaction on asymmetries in inclusive scattering of polarized electrons on polarized 3He are investigated using consistent 3He bound state wave function and 3N continuum scattering states. Significant effects are found, which influence the extraction of the magnetic neutron form factor from A_T'. The enhancement found experimentally for A_TL' near the 3N breakup threshold, which could not be explained in calculations carried through in plane wave impulse approximation up to now, occurs now also in theory if the full final state interaction is included.Comment: 29 pages, 5 figure