Dynamic of non monetary poverty in Cameroon between 2001 and 2007: multiple component analysis and stochastic dominance tests

The aim of the present study is to investigate on non monetary poverty in Cameroon, focusing on the dynamic of poverty profiles in urban and rural areas, and all over the whole country between 2001 and 2007.Poverty persistence explains the interest and the stakes of the current study. By using data coming from the last two Cameroonians surveys on households standards livings conducted respectively in 2001 (ECAM II) and in 2007 (ECAM III), our objective is to put on evidence the transition or dynamics in poverty, without establishing a poverty line. Having choosen this scope for investigation, we built up a composite index of poverty, from a set a set of non monetary household’s living conditions indicators, by using the multiple component analysis. And throught out stochastic dominance tests we compare urban poverty profile, rural poverty profile and then the one of the whole country. All these statements are made for the period between 2001 and 2007. The results show that non monetary poverty has decrease between 2001 and 2007 in urban areas and in the whole country only in middle households classes in Cameroon. For the poor and the rich, non monetary poverty has increased in urban area. It is the same situation as far as the whole country is concerned. We also see that rural non monetary poverty increased over this period of time. Then, we can say that non monetary poverty seem to be a rural phenomenon like the monetary poverty. The policy recommendations are declined thus improving accessibility to basic infrastructures, to potable water, to electricity and quality of housing in rural areas, and greater jobs creation in urban areas, where inequalities are most noticeable and increasing.Pauvreté non monétaire, inégalités, dynamique de la pauvreté, pauvreté transitoire, pauvreté chronique, dominance stochastique, analyse factorielle, ACM, COPA, Cameroun

Diurnal cycle of surface energy fluxes in high mountain terrain: high‐resolution fully coupled atmosphere‐hydrology modelling and impact of lateral flow

Water and energy fluxes are inextricably interlinked within the interface of the land surface and the atmosphere. In the regional earth system models, the lower boundary parameterization of land surface neglects lateral hydrological processes, which may inadequately depict the surface water and energy fluxes variations, thus affecting the simulated atmospheric system through land-atmosphere feedbacks. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the hydrologically enhanced regional climate modelling in order to represent the diurnal cycle of surface energy fluxes in high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and coupled WRF Hydrological modelling system (WRF-Hydro) are applied in a high alpine catchment in Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, the headwater area of the Heihe River. By evaluating and intercomparing model results by both models, the role of lateral flow processes on the surface energy fluxes dynamics is investigated. The model evaluations suggest that both WRF and coupled WRF-Hydro reasonably represent the diurnal variations of the near-surface meteorological fields, surface energy fluxes and hourly partitioning of available energy. By incorporating additional lateral flow processes, the coupled WRF-Hydro simulates higher surface soil moisture over the mountainous area, resulting in increased latent heat flux and decreased sensible heat flux of around 20–50 W/m2 in their diurnal peak values during summertime, although the net radiation and ground heat fluxes remain almost unchanged. The simulation results show that the diurnal cycle of surface energy fluxes follows the local terrain and vegetation features. This highlights the importance of consideration of lateral flow processes over areas with heterogeneous terrain and land surfaces

Diurnal cycle of surface energy fluxes in high mountain terrain: High-resolution fully coupled atmosphere-hydrology modelling and impact of lateral flow

Water and energy fluxes are inextricably interlinked within the interface of the land surface and the atmosphere. In the regional earth system models, the lower boundary parameterization of land surface neglects lateral hydrological processes, which may inadequately depict the surface water and energy fluxes variations, thus affecting the simulated atmospheric system through land-atmosphere feedbacks. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the hydrologically enhanced regional climate modelling in order to represent the diurnal cycle of surface energy fluxes in high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and coupled WRF Hydrological modelling system (WRF-Hydro) are applied in a high alpine catchment in Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, the headwater area of the Heihe River. By evaluating and intercomparing model results by both models, the role of lateral flow processes on the surface energy fluxes dynamics is investigated. The model evaluations suggest that both WRF and coupled WRF-Hydro reasonably represent the diurnal variations of the near-surface meteorological fields, surface energy fluxes and hourly partitioning of available energy. By incorporating additional lateral flow processes, the coupled WRF-Hydro simulates higher surface soil moisture over the mountainous area, resulting in increased latent heat flux and decreased sensible heat flux of around 20–50 W/m2 in their diurnal peak values during summertime, although the net radiation and ground heat fluxes remain almost unchanged. The simulation results show that the diurnal cycle of surface energy fluxes follows the local terrain and vegetation features. This highlights the importance of consideration of lateral flow processes over areas with heterogeneous terrain and land surfaces

Impact of alternative soil data sources on the uncertainties in simulated land-atmosphere interactions

Numerical weather- and climate prediction models rely on soil data to accurately model land surface processes. However, as soil data are produced using soil profiles and maps with multiple sources of uncertainty, wide discrepancies prevail in global soil datasets. Comparison of four commonly used soil datasets in Earth system climate models, i.e., Food and Agriculture Organization soil data, Harmonized World Soil Database, Global Soil Dataset for Earth System Model, and global gridded soil information system SoilGrids, yields widespread differences in southern Africa. This study investigates the simulated land-atmosphere interactions in southern Africa in the context of the uncertainties from applying different global soil datasets. We conducted ensemble simulations using the fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting Hydrological Modeling system (WRF-Hydro) incorporated with each of the global soil datasets mentioned above. Model simulations were performed at 4-km convection-permitting scale from January 2015 to June 2016. By quantifying model\u27s internal variability and comparing the modeling results, results show that the simulated temperature, soil moisture, and surface energy fluxes are largely impacted by soil texture differences. For instance, changes in soil texture and associated hydrophysical parameters result in large differences in air temperature up to 1.7°C and surface heat flux up to 25 W/m$^2$, and disparities in averaged surface soil moisture differ up to 0.1 m$^3$/m$^3$ in austral summer months. Differences in soil texture characteristics also regulate local climatic conditions differently in the wet and dry seasons as well as in different climatic regions. Furthermore, the thermodynamic differences in surface energy fluxes caused by soil texture demonstrate physical feedback perspective on atmospheric processes, resulting in distinct changes in planetary boundary layer height. This study demonstrates the non-negligible impact of soil data on land surface-atmosphere coupled modeling and highlights the need for consistent consideration of modeling uncertainties from soil data in modeling applications

Toward improved parameterizations of reservoir operation in ungauged basins: a synergistic framework coupling satellite remote sensing, hydrologic modeling, and conceptual operation schemes

Assessments of water and energy security over historical and future periods require hydrologic models that can accurately simulate reservoir operations. However, scare reservoir operation data limits the accuracy of current reservoir representations in simulating reservoir behaviors. Furthermore, the reliability of these representations under changing inflow regimes remains unclear, which makes their application for long future planning horizons questionable. To this end, we propose a synergistic framework to predict the release, storage, and hydropower production of ungauged reservoirs (i.e., reservoirs without in-situ inflow, release, storage, and operating rules) by combining remotely sensed reservoir operating patterns and model-simulated reservoir inflow with conceptual reservoir operation schemes within a land surface-hydrologic model. A previously developed reservoir operation scheme is extended with a storage anomaly based calibration approach to accommodate the relatively short time series and large time intervals of remotely sensed data. By setting up controlled experiments in the Yalong River Basin in China, we show that remote sensing can improve the parameter estimation and simulations of ungauged reservoirs for all selected reservoir operation schemes, thereby improving the downstream flood and streamflow simulations. However, most of these schemes show degraded accuracies of reservoir operation simulations under a changing inflow regime, which could lead to unreliable assessments of future water resources and hydropower production. In comparison, our newly extended reservoir operation scheme can be more adaptable to flow regime variations. Our study provides a practical framework for reservoir impact assessments and predictions with the ongoing satellite altimetry projects such as Surface Water and Ocean Topography

Toward Improved Parameterizations of Reservoir Operation in Ungauged Basins: A Synergistic Framework Coupling Satellite Remote Sensing, Hydrologic Modeling, and Conceptual Operation Schemes

Assessments of water and energy security over historical and future periods require hydrologic models that can accurately simulate reservoir operations. However, scare reservoir operation data limits the accuracy of current reservoir representations in simulating reservoir behaviors. Furthermore, the reliability of these representations under changing inflow regimes remains unclear, which makes their application for long future planning horizons questionable. To this end, we propose a synergistic framework to predict the release, storage, and hydropower production of ungauged reservoirs (i.e., reservoirs without in-situ inflow, release, storage, and operating rules) by combining remotely sensed reservoir operating patterns and model-simulated reservoir inflow with conceptual reservoir operation schemes within a land surface-hydrologic model. A previously developed reservoir operation scheme is extended with a storage anomaly based calibration approach to accommodate the relatively short time series and large time intervals of remotely sensed data. By setting up controlled experiments in the Yalong River Basin in China, we show that remote sensing can improve the parameter estimation and simulations of ungauged reservoirs for all selected reservoir operation schemes, thereby improving the downstream flood and streamflow simulations. However, most of these schemes show degraded accuracies of reservoir operation simulations under a changing inflow regime, which could lead to unreliable assessments of future water resources and hydropower production. In comparison, our newly extended reservoir operation scheme can be more adaptable to flow regime variations. Our study provides a practical framework for reservoir impact assessments and predictions with the ongoing satellite altimetry projects such as Surface Water and Ocean Topography

Dynamique de la pauvreté non monétaire au Cameroun entre 2001 et 2007: analyse en correspondances multiples et tests de dominance stochastique

The aim of the present study is to investigate on non monetary poverty in Cameroon, focusing on the dynamic of poverty profiles in urban and rural areas, and all over the whole country between 2001 and 2007.Poverty persistence explains the interest and the stakes of the current study. By using data coming from the last two Cameroonians surveys on households standards livings conducted respectively in 2001 (ECAM II) and in 2007 (ECAM III), our objective is to put on evidence the transition or dynamics in poverty, without establishing a poverty line. Having choosen this scope for investigation, we built up a composite index of poverty, from a set a set of non monetary household’s living conditions indicators, by using the multiple component analysis. And throught out stochastic dominance tests we compare urban poverty profile, rural poverty profile and then the one of the whole country. All these statements are made for the period between 2001 and 2007. The results show that non monetary poverty has decrease between 2001 and 2007 in urban areas and in the whole country only in middle households classes in Cameroon. For the poor and the rich, non monetary poverty has increased in urban area. It is the same situation as far as the whole country is concerned. We also see that rural non monetary poverty increased over this period of time. Then, we can say that non monetary poverty seem to be a rural phenomenon like the monetary poverty. The policy recommendations are declined thus improving accessibility to basic infrastructures, to potable water, to electricity and quality of housing in rural areas, and greater jobs creation in urban areas, where inequalities are most noticeable and increasing

Dynamique de la pauvreté non monétaire au Cameroun entre 2001 et 2007: analyse en correspondances multiples et tests de dominance stochastique

The aim of the present study is to investigate on non monetary poverty in Cameroon, focusing on the dynamic of poverty profiles in urban and rural areas, and all over the whole country between 2001 and 2007.Poverty persistence explains the interest and the stakes of the current study. By using data coming from the last two Cameroonians surveys on households standards livings conducted respectively in 2001 (ECAM II) and in 2007 (ECAM III), our objective is to put on evidence the transition or dynamics in poverty, without establishing a poverty line. Having choosen this scope for investigation, we built up a composite index of poverty, from a set a set of non monetary household’s living conditions indicators, by using the multiple component analysis. And throught out stochastic dominance tests we compare urban poverty profile, rural poverty profile and then the one of the whole country. All these statements are made for the period between 2001 and 2007. The results show that non monetary poverty has decrease between 2001 and 2007 in urban areas and in the whole country only in middle households classes in Cameroon. For the poor and the rich, non monetary poverty has increased in urban area. It is the same situation as far as the whole country is concerned. We also see that rural non monetary poverty increased over this period of time. Then, we can say that non monetary poverty seem to be a rural phenomenon like the monetary poverty. The policy recommendations are declined thus improving accessibility to basic infrastructures, to potable water, to electricity and quality of housing in rural areas, and greater jobs creation in urban areas, where inequalities are most noticeable and increasing