Effect of enhancing factor on the developmental resistance of pseudaletia separata larvae orally inoculated with pseudaletia unipuncta nucleopolyhedrovirus: Pengaruh "enhancing faktor" terhadap mekanisme resistensi larva

INTISARI Larva Lepidoptera akan semakin resisten terhadap infeksi Baculovirus seiring dengan pertantbahan unzur larva. Mekanisme resistensi ini belum secara jelas diketahui. Penambahan "enhancing factor" pada inokulum virus dapat mematahkan resistensi ini. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rnekanisme resistensi terjadi pada infeksi primer di usus tengah larva. Dengan mengukur fusi antara microvilli sel dengan virus menggunakan ⢠flow cytometerdiduga "enhancing factor" membantu virus untuk fusi dengan znicrovilli sel pada larva yang tua. Kata kunci : Enhancing factor, Baculovirus, resistensi ABSTRACT Larvae of lepidopteran insect become increasingly resistant to baculovirus infection as they age. The mechanism for this resistance is not known yet, but the phenomenon does not occur when an enhancing factor was added to the viral inoculum. This observation indicated that the mechanism of resistance occur during primary infection within midgut. By assessing the fusion of positive microvillus cell using flow cytometer, we indicated that enhancing factor may somehow help the virus to fuse in the midgut of older insect Key word : Enhancing factor, baculovirus, developmental resistanc

Effects of Population Density and Host Availability on the Migration Process of Brown Planthopper Fed Using Susceptible and Resistant Rice Varieties

Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an important pest of rice. This pest can cause hopperburn and field failure. This research aimed to determine the effects of population density and host availability on migration of N. lugens. The criteria used to justify the effects of host availability and population density on migration of N. lugens were based the hardness and tannin tests of the rice stems, fecundity of N. lugens, and the life cycle of N. lugens. The research was conducted under the temperature of 29.42°C with relative humidity of 61% and Light 12: Dark 12 times, using ten pairs of N. lugens brachypterous (F0 constant) and then was added with five male adults on fifth days after the first infestation (F0 changed). The varieties used were IR64, as a resistant variety, and Ketan Lusi, as a susceptible variety. The results showed that the adding of the macropterous males did not affect the number of macropterous, because of that has been preplanned by the F0. Therefore, the percentage of existing macropterous was 51−52%. INTISARI Wereng Batang Cokelat (WBC) merupakan salah satu hama tanaman padi yang sangat penting. Kerusakan parah dapat menyebabkan hopperburn dan puso (gagal panen). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh kepadatan populasi dan tanaman inang sebagai tempat migrasi WBC. Parameter yang dikaji untuk mengetahui pengaruh kepadatan populasi WBC dan tanaman inang tempat migrasi WBC berdasarkan tingkat kekerasan dan kandungan tanin batang tanaman padi, fekunditas WBC, dan siklus hidup WBC. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada temperatur 29.42˚C dengan kelembapan relatif 61% dan durasi siang hari 12 jam: durasi malam hari 12 jam. Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan menggunakan 10 pasang imago WBC brakhiptera (F0 konstan), kemudian dilakukan penambahan 5 ekor imago jantan pada hari kelima setelah infestasi awal (F0 diubah). Varietas padi yang digunakan yaitu padi varietas IR64 sebagai varietas tahan dan ketan Lusi sebagai varietas rentan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan imago jantan makroptera tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah keturunan makroptera yang dihasilkan, karena imago (F0) telah merencanakan terlebih dahulu keturunan yang akan dihasilkan. Oleh karena itu, persentase terbentuk keturunan imago makroptera berkisar antara 51−52%

Diversity of Feed Storage Pest Beetle in Banten Province

Banten province is a growing industrial area, where many industrial items were prepared including animal feed whose raw materials are mostly imported from abroad. Therefore, monitoring feed storage is very important to ensure the existence of pest insects in storage warehouse and to prevent the entry of plant quarantine pest organism (OPTK) which may be carried by imported feed raw materials. The identification, diversity and evenness of pest beetle species in five feed storages in Banten province region have been done. Feed sampling was done using hand sampling method. Samples taken from the diagonal corner and center of storage, respectively as much as 250 grams four times within one-week interval. The results were that 13 species of pest beetles from seven families were intercepted. Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhizoperta dominica, and Tribolium castaneum pest beetles were the dominant insects attacking five storages. Specifically, the dominant pest beetles in each commodity were: T. castaneum on soybean meal (SBM); C. ferrugineus and T. castaneum on corn; T. castaneum and R. dominica on corn gluten meal (CGM); T. castaneum and Sitophilus zeamais on wheat; T. castaneum on soybeans; and Oryzaephilus surinamensis in sorghum. Environmental factors, the type and duration of stored commodities were found to be the factors supporting the existence of pest beetle species. The highest diversity of pest beetle varieties was found in warehouse A with a value of 1.552 which was considered as moderate diversity. The evenness index of pest beetle species showed that warehouses A and E were in unstable conditions. Meanwhile, the warehouses B, C, and D were in  depressed conditions dominated by certain species of pest beetle.   Intisari Provinsi Banten merupakan daerah industri yang terus berkembang, termasuk industri pakan ternak yang bahan bakunya sebagian besar diimpor dari luar negeri. Oleh sebab itu, pengawasan terhadap gudang penyimpanan pakan sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengawasi keberadaan serangga hama pada gudang penyimpanan dan mencegah masuknya Organisme Pengganggu Tumbuhan Karantina (OPTK) yang mungkin terbawa bahan baku pakan yang diimpor. Identifikasi, keanekaragaman serta kemerataan jenis kumbang hama pada lima gudang penyimpanan pakan di wilayah Banten telah dilakukan. Pengambilan sampel bahan pakan menggunakan metode hand sampling. Sampel diambil pada bagian sudut dan bagian tengah secara diagonal masing-masing sebanyak 250 gram sebanyak 4 kali dengan interval waktu 1 minggu sekali. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 13 jenis kumbang hama dari 7 famili. Kumbang hama jenis Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Rhyzoperta dominica, dan Tribolium castaneum merupakan serangga yang dominan menyerang kelima gudang penyimpanan. Jenis kumbang hama yang dominan pada masing-masing komoditas adalah T. castaneum pada soybean meal (SBM); C. ferrugineus dan T. castaneum pada komoditas jagung; T. castaneum dan R. dominica pada corn gluten meal (CGM); T. castaneum dan Sitophilus zeamais pada gandum; T. castaneum pada kedelai; dan Oryzaephilus surinamensis pada sorgum. Faktor lingkungan, jenis dan lama komoditas yang disimpan merupakan faktor pendukung keberadaan suatu jenis kumbang hama. Indeks keanekaragaman jenis kumbang hama tertinggi ditemukan pada gudang A dengan nilai 1,552 menggambarkan keanekaragaman tergolong sedang. Nilai indeks kemerataan jenis kumbang hama menunjukkan bahwa gudang A dan gudang E termasuk dalam kondisi labil; sedangkan gudang B, C, dan D termasuk dalam kondisi tertekan dengan didominasi oleh jenis kumbang hama tertentu

Pengaruh Tinopal terhadap Patogenisitas Nucleopolyhedrovirus pada Spodoptera Litura

Susceptibility of the armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to nucleopolyhedrovirus was evaluated using droplet feeding methods. S. litura was originally collected from the field in Bantul and has been reared continuously in the laboratory using artificial diet. The tested instars were exposed a series concentration of nucleopolyhedrovirus (2×103, 2×104, 2×105, 2×106, 2×107, 2×108, 2×109 PIB/ml) which were added with Tinopal 0,5% and 1%. The result indicated that the larval mortality of 3rd, 4th, and 5th instars Tinopal, significantly different with the addition of 1% Tinopal. This addition increased the effectiveness of NPV for 235, 25117, and 6.6 million fold. The observation of the larval midgut which was treated by Tinopal, showed that Tinopal physically disrupt the peritrophic membrane. Therefore, it can be suggested that the Tinopal facilitates the entry of NPV to the host insect. Kepekaan larva instar 3, 4, dan 5 ulat grayak, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), terhadap nucleopolyhedrovirus diuji dengan metode droplet feeding. Larva berasal dari lapangan yang dikembangbiakkan di laboratorium dengan pakan buatan. Larva S. litura yang diuji diperlakukan dengan berbagai konsentrasi SlNPV (2×103, 2×104, 2×105, 2×106, 2×107, 2×108, 2×109 PIB/ml) yang ditambahkan Tinopal (0,5% dan 1%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan penambahan Tinopal 1% berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kematian larva S. litura instar 3, 4, dan 5. Penambahan Tinopal pada larva instar 3, 4, dan 5 dapat meningkatkan efektivitas NPV sebesar 235, 24177, dan 6,6 juta kali. Pengamatan pada usus tengah larva yang diperlakukan dengan Tinopal, menunjukkan bahwa Tinopal secara fisik merusak membran peritropik sehingga diduga membantu masuknya virus ke dalam tubuh inangnya. <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true

Resistance Level of Plutella Xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Cypermethrin in the Regency of Kupang

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is one of the major pests of the Brassicaceae family. Presently, farmers mostly use insecticide to control this pest. The improper use of insecticide, however, may lead to target pest resistance. Resistance to pyrethroid (cypermethrin) insecticide cases have been widely reported. This research aimed to know whether the farmers use cypermethrin based on the recommended practices and to determine the resistance level of P. xylostella collected from Tarus, Noelbaki, Oesao and Pukdale Villages collected from the Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara, which were then compared to the population of Cangkringan (Sleman, Yogyakarta) as a susceptible population. The survey showed that these four locations in Kupang, used insecticides intensively and did the mixing of two or three insecticides. Insecticide application in these four locations was mostly not scheduled as recommended on the label of insecticides. The susceptibility test showed that the RR (resistance ratio) value from Kupang (Tarus = 9.2, Noelbaki = 7.2, Oesao 7.3, and Pukdale = 3.8, respecively) was higher than susceptible population (Cangkringan = 1.0). Therefore, P. xylostella larvae collected from Kupang has been resistant to cypermethrin. IntisariPlutella xylostella L. merupakan salah satu hama utama pada tanaman Famili Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). Pengendalian dengan insektisida masih menjadi andalan petani di lapangan. Dampak negatif dari insektisida seperti resistensi, resurgensi dan munculnya hama sekunder tidak membuat efek jera karena minimnya pengetahuan tentang dampak negatif tersebut. Resistensi terhadap golongan piretroid sudah banyak dilaporkan. Salah satunya sipermetrin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melihat cara penggunaan insektisida oleh petani dan tingkat kepekaan dari populasi lapang asal Tarus, Noelbaki, Oesao, dan Pukdale (Kupang, NTT) dibandingkan dengan populasi Cangkringan (Sleman, DIY) terhadap insektisida sipermetrin. Data survei tentang cara penggunaan insektisida oleh petani diketahui bahwa penggunaan insektisida di keempat lokasi tersebut cukup intensif dan terjadi pencampuran insektisida yang tidak kompatibel. Penyemprotan dilakukan secara rutin di Desa Tarus; di Desa Noelbaki dan Oesao ada yang secara rutin dan ada yang kondisional; sedangkan penyemprotan secara kondisional di Desa Pukdale. Data uji kepekaan menunjukkan bahwa P. xylostella asal Kupang telah resisten terhadap sipermetrin dengan nilai RR (rasio resistensisi) tertinggi dari populasi Tarus (9,2), Noelbaki (7,2), Oesao (7,3), Pukdale (3,8) dibandingkan dengan populasi peka asal Cangkringan

Aktivitas Ngengat Scirpophaga Incertulas di Wilayah Kabupaten Klaten

The activities of Scirpophaga incertulas adult from Klaten Regency were studied from April to November 2010. The purposes of this study were to observe the activity of moth after adult emergence, their flying activity, and eggs oviposition. Two hundred pupae were collected from the field, then incubated in the laboratory and observed every hour for 72 hours. Flying activity was observed every hour by counting the number of moths that were found in the light traps. This observation was replicated three times during the dark; from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Oviposition activity of moths was observed by infesting twenty females of insect on the rice plants planted in the polybag and covered with plastic sheet. This oviposition activity was also observed every hour during the dark; from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. in order to get the number of egg-laying moths. The results showed that the emergence of S. incertulas moth was mainly from 2:00 to 4:00 a.m., the flying activity was detected mostly from 6:00 p.m. to 1:00 a.m., and the moths ovipositing activity was mainly occured from 7:00 to 11:00 p.m. In addition, we found that the intensity of light affected the number of moths coming into the light trap. The light exposed from the 23 Watt lamp (1,500 lumen) was twice more effective in attracting the moths than the 11 Watt lamp (700 lumen).Penelitian aktivitas ngengat Scirpophaga incertulas telah dilakukan di Kabupaten Klaten dari April s.d. November 2010. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang aktivitas kemunculan ngengat, aktivitas terbang dan peletakan telur. Dua ratus pupa yang diperoleh dari lapang diinkubasikan di laboratorium dan diamati sampai muncul ngengat. Jumlah ngengat yang muncul diamati setiap jam selama 72 jam. Aktivitas terbang diamati setiap jam dengan menghitung jumlah ngengat yang terperangkap pada lampu perangkap selama 12 jam dari pukul 18.00 s.d. 06.00 dengan tiga kali ulangan. Aktivitas peletakan telur diamati dengan menginfestasikan dua puluh ngengat betina pada tanaman padi di polibag yang disungkup plastik. Pengamatan aktivitas peletakan telur dilakukan setiap jam dengan mencatat jumlah ngengat yang bertelur selama 12 jam dari pukul 18.00 s.d. 06.00. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa kemunculan ngengat S. incertulas paling banyak dijumpai dari pukul 02.00 s.d. 04.00, aktivitas terbang ngengat berlangsung dari pukul 18.00 s.d. 01.00 dan peletakan telur umumnya berlangsung dari pukul 19.00 s.d. 23.00. Kekuatan cahaya lampu perangkap berpengaruh terhadap kedatangan ngengat, cahaya lampu 23 watt (1.500 lumen) lebih banyak menarik kedatangan ngengat dibanding cahaya lampu 11 watt (700 lumen) dengan rasio 2:1

Effect of Vapor Heat Treatment on the Mortality of Bactrocera Dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the Quality of Mango CV. Arumanis

Arumanis is a superior export variety mango from Indonesia. One inhibiting factor on the production of this fruit variety is the infestation of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit fly. Vapor heat treatment was recommended by ISPM No. 28 of 2007 as an effective treatment in eradicating fruit flies. This research was aimed to find out the optimum temperature and the duration of vapor heat treatment on the mortality of egg and larvae of B. dorsalis. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Vapor Heat Treatment, BBPOPT, Jatisari, from October 2016 to January 2017. The observed parameters were temperature, duration of treatment, mortality of egg and larvae of fruit fly, and fruit quality. The results showed that vapor heat treatment at 47°C for 40 minutes (min) was effective to reduce the number of eggs and larvae of B. dorsalis and had no negative impact on the fruit quality. IntisariBuah mangga varietas Arumanis merupakan varietas mangga ekspor unggulan Indonesia. Salah satu faktor pembatas produksi buah mangga varietas Arumanis adalah lalat buah B. dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Perlakuan uap panas direkomendasikan oleh ISPM Nomor 28 tahun 2007 sebagai tindakan perlakuan yang efektif dalam mengeradikasi lalat buah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui suhu dan waktu optimum perlakuan uap panas terhadap mortalitas telur dan larva B. dorsalis pada buah mangga varietas Arumanis tanpa merusak kualitas buah. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Vapor Heat Treatment, BBPOPT, Jatisari, pada Oktober 2016 sampai dengan Januari 2017. Parameter yang diamati adalah suhu, lamanya waktu perlakuan, mortalitas telur dan larva lalat buah, dan kualitas buah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan uap panas pada suhu 47°C selama 40 menit terbukti efektif membunuh telur dan larva B. dorsalis dan tidak berdampak negatif terhadap kualitas buah

Tekanan Metarhizium Anisopliae dan Feromon terhadap Populasi dan Tingkat Kerusakan oleh Oryctes Rhinoceros

Oryctes rhinoceros is one of the most serious pests in coconut palm tree. Biological control for controlling the pest is done by applying fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae on its breeding sites to infect the larvae. Recent development for controlling Oryctes beetle was including the use of pheromone trap baited with ethyl-4-methyl octanoic which attract both male and female of the Oryctes beetle. This research was aimed to determine the effect of combination of both entomopathogen and pheromone application on the population dynamics of rhinoceros beetle, and the intensity of leaf damage on coconut tree. For this purpose, a research was conducted in local farmer coconut tree in the Bojong Village, Panjatan District, Kulon Progo from June 2009−January 2010. Observation including leaf damage intensity before and after application, the number of adult beetle trapped by pheromone, and the number infected larvae in the breeding site. The result showed that there were significant differences among all treatments in term of intensity of leaf damage, the number of trapped adult beetle, and the number of larvae at the breeding site. Leaf damage on control, pheromone application, and combined treatment were: 4.73%; 1.08% and 0.65%. The number of trapped Rhinoceros beetle by ferotrap was 101; in combined treatment was 52. The number of M. anisopliae infected grub were 265 out of 281 total observed grub. INTISARIKerusakan tanaman kelapa akibat serangan Oryctes rhinoceros terjadi mulai pada tanaman muda. Mengingat besarnya kerugian yang ditimbulkan, maka perlu diupayakan cara pengendalian yang efisien, efektif dan aman bagi sumber daya alam dan lingkungan. Salah satu cara pengendalian secara hayati adalah dengan menggunakan cendawan patogenik Metarhizium anisopliae. Selain menggunakan cendawan, upaya terkini dalam mengendalikan kumbang badak adalah dengan menggunakan perangkap berferomon. Feromon dengan bahan aktif Etil-4-metil oktanoat dapat memikat kumbang Oryctes jantan maupun betina. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh gabungan feromon dan Metarhizium anisopliae terhadap dinamika populasi O. rhinoceros dan intensitas kerusakan pada tanaman kelapa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kebun kelapa rakyat di Desa Bojong, Kecamatan Panjatan, Kabupaten Kulon Progo, dari bulan Juni 2009 sampai dengan Januari 2010. Parameter yang diamati adalah intensitas kerusakan sebelum dan setelah perlakuan, jumlah imago yang terperangkap oleh feromon, dan jumlah larva yang berada di breeding site. Analisis data menggunakan analisis varian dan dilanjutkan uji DMRT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat beda nyata pada intensitas serangan, jumlah imago dan jumlah larva pada semua perlakuan. Intensitas serangan baru, yakni serangan yang terjadi setelah dilakukan pengendalian, secara berurut dari yang tertinggi adalah perlakuan kontrol, perlakuan perangkap berferomon, dan perlakuan gabungan yakni sebesar 4,73%; 1,08%; dan 0,65%. Jumlah imago yang terperangkap sebesar 101 ekor pada perlakuan ferotrap dan 52 ekor pada perlakuan gabungan. Larva yang terinfeksi M.anisopliae sebanyak 265 ekor dari total 281 ekor

Pengaruh Jenis Mangsa dan Suhu pada Perkembangan Menochilus Sexmaculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) dan Peranannya dalam Pengendalian Diaphorina Citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is the vector of citrus greening (Huanglongbing) bacterium and the most serious impediment to citrus culture. Classical biological control of this psyllid vector should contribute to suppress their population. This research was conducted to determine the performance of Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) when they were fed with D. citri. The larval performance index of M. sexmaculatus on D. citri compared with Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) diet was 1.3.M. sexmaculatus fed with D. citri had lower fitness than those fed with A. craccivora as shown by longer larval stadium, lower adult dry weight, less number of egg produced and lower percentage of egg hatched. M. sexmaculatus grew best at the temperature of 27oC. Employing the exclusion procedure under field condition,M. sexmaculatus could reduce the population of D. citri up to 90%. These findings showed that theM. sexmaculatus could be a potential predator in reducing D. citri, particularly when the more preferred prey A. craccivora was not present. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) merupakan kelompok Psyllid yang menularkan penyebab penyakit Huanglongbing yang sangat berbahaya pada tanaman jeruk. Pengendalian hayati klasik telah banyak memberikan kontribusi dalam pengendalian di lapangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat penampilan Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) dengan pakan D. citri. Indeks penampilan larva M. sexmaculatus dengan pakan D. citri dibandingkan dengan Aphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) adalah 1,3. M. sexmaculatus yang diberi pakan D. citri menunjukkan penurunan kebugaran dibandingkan jika diberi pakan A. craccivora seperti yang ditunjukkan dengan stadium larva lebih lama, penurunan berat kering serangga dewasa, telur yang dihasilkan lebih sedikit, dan penurunan jumlah telur yang menetas. Menggunakan metode eksklusi pada kondisi lapangan, M. sexmaculatus mampu menurunkan populasi D. citri sampai 90%. M. sexmaculatus berkembang baik pada suhu 27oC. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa M. sexmaculatus berpotensi untuk menurunkan populasi D. citri, terutama jika inang utamanya A. craccivora tidak ditemukan

Peran Brush Border Membrane Vesicle (BBMV) dalam proses infeksi Baculovirus

The Role of Brush Border Membrane Vesicle (BBMV) in The Baculovirus Infection. Although baculovirus becoming recognized as potential important agents for control pests, there are several important obstacles for commercial use insecticide. One important obstacle is their narrow host. The other obstacle is due to its development resistance, the phenomenon whereby host larvae become progressively more resistant to fatal infection as they age within and among instars. From practical stand point, this phenomenon impacts the effectiveness of baculovirus control programs against agricultural and forest insect pests that is necessary to adjust application levels in the response to the demography of the target insect population. Purified columnar cells derived from midgut of armyworm Pseudaletia separata was used for fusion assay and observed by means of fluorescence assay based on self-quenching of octadecylrhodamine B chloride (R18). Confocal microscopy of the columnar cells that had been combined with labeled virus showed that the fluorescence appeared on the apical part in the brush border membrane, this indicated that there was fusion between virus and the cells. Two dimensional SDS-PAGE and immunobloting assay confirmed that the receptor exist within the columnar cells.</p