EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE AMMONIUM SALT ON THE BIOAVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS CONTENT AND THE ACTIVITY OF SELECTED PHOSPHATASES IN LOAMY SAND

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of glyphosatę ammonium salt on the activity of some enzymes involved in the metabolism of phosphorus in the soil: acid phosphomonoeaterase (EC 3.1.3.2), alkaline phosphomonoeaterase (EC 3.1.3.1), phosphotrieaterase (EC 3.1.5.1), inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC 3.1.6.1), and a phosphorus content in a form available to plants. The experiment was carried out on loamy sand samples with organic carbon content 8.7 g kg-1. Into soil samples the aqueous solutions of Avans Premium 360 SC (360 g glyphosate ammonium salt in 1 dm3) were added. The amount of introduced glyphosate ammonium salt was 0 (control), 1, 10, 50 and 100 mg·kg-1, on days 0 (1 hour after glyphosate application), 7, 14, 28 and 56 measured parameters were determined spectrophotometrically. The obtained results showed that the application of glyphosate ammonium salt resulted in changes of available phosphorus content and the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of this element in loamy sand. The effects glyphosate ammonium salt dosage and effect of day of experiment were ambiguous. Among the determined parameters the most sensitive to the presence of the glyphosate ammonium was alkaline phosphomonoesterase

Activity of dehydrogenases in clay soil exposed to quaternary ammonium salts with iodine anion

The aim of the research was to compare the effects of four to quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) with iodine anion: tetramethylammonium iodine [TMA][I], tetraethylammonium iodine [TEA][I], tetrapropylammonium iodine [TEA][I], tetrabutylammonium iodine [TBA][I]. The experiment was carried out on sandy clay loam samples with organic carbon content of 33.82 g·kg-1, and pH in 1 M KCl 7.13. QAS were added to soil at the dosages of: 0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg·kg-1. Activity of dehydrogenases was assayed on days: 1, 14, 35, and 70. Obtained results have shown that the soil treatment with quaternary ammonium salts with iodine anion caused decrease in activity of dehydrogenases. This inhibition increased with increase of QAS dosages, and increase with alkyl chains in cations. Analysis of variance η2 indicated, that type of QAS had the biggest impact on formation of activity of dehydrogenases in soil

The role of anion in the impact of tetraethylammonium salts on soil phosphatase activities

Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) are increasingly commonly used in the chemical industry. The diverse usage of these compounds results in high possibility of their penetration to the environment. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of three salts with tetraethylammonium cation with different anions such as chloride [TEA][Cl], bromide [TEA][Br], and iodine [TEA][I] on the activity of phosphatases in loamy sand. Organic carbon and total nitrogen content in the soil were 8.71 and 0.97 g·kg-1, respectively. The salts were applied to soil at doses of 0, 0.05, 0.50, and 5.00 mmol·kg-1. The samples were adjusted to 60% maximum water holding capacity, and they were incubated at a temperature of 20°C. Activities of acid phosphomonoesterase, alkaline phopshomonoesterase, phosphotriesterase, and inorganic pyrophosphatase were assayed on day 1, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 112. The obtained results demonstrated that the presence of [TEA] in the soil at the low dose (0.05 mmol·kg-1) may stimulate the activity of soil phosphatases. Higher doses of the soil had mostly inhibitory effect on phosphatases activity. Among the determined enzymes, phosphomonoesterases were the most sensitive to salts containing [TEA] cation. A considerable contribution of the anion type on the formation of activity of the determined enzymes of phosphorus compound changes. The strongest effect characterized tetraethylammonium bromide [TEA][Br]

The morphological and biochemical effects of feeding Hooker’s pitcher with Formica fusca or Calliphora vicina Larvae

The aim of this study was to determine if feeding Hooker’s pitcher (Nepenthes × hookeriana) with blowfly larvae (Calliphora vicina Rob-Desvoidy) or ants (Formica fusca L.) affected the plant’s biometric and biochemical parameters. The research included measurements of length and width of the laminae and pitchers, and the total contents of the ash, assimilation pigments, polyphenols, and flavonoids. These parameters were measured 30 days after the last feeding. This study demonstrated that feeding the plants with blowfly larvae resulted in increases in the lengths and widths of both the laminae and pitchers. Moreover, the laminae had reduced carotenoid content after feeding with blowfly larvae and ants whereas the pitchers of Hooker’s pitcher had increased chlorophyll and carotenoid content after feeding with blowfly larvae. Feeding Hooker’s pitcher plants with blowfly larvae also resulted in a reduction of the total polyphenol content in the laminae whereas the total flavonoid content increased in both the laminae and pitchers of Hooker’s pitcher. Feeding Nepenthes × hookeriana with insects ensures that their nutritional needs are met and leads to pitchers with good physiological condition

Combined effect of low-molecular-weight organic acids and creosote on phosphatase activities in sandy soil

This paper assesses the impact of creosote and low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on the activity of acid phosphomonoesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphotriesterase, and inorganic pyrophosphatase in soil. The experiment was carried out on loamy sand samples with organic carbon content of 8.71 g·kg-1, with the following variable factors: dosages of creosote: 0, 0.5%, and 2.5%; type of LMWOAs: oxalic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid in the amount of 50 mmol·kg-1of soil; days of experiment: 1, 7, 14, 28, 56, 112. Obtained results showed that contamination with creosote caused decrease in the activity of soil phosphatases. The observed effect did not always increase with increase in the dosage of the pollutant. Among the assayed phosphatases, the biggest changes were noted in the activity of phosphomonoesterases. Application of LMWOAs to contaminated soil mainly effected the inhibition of phosphatase, especially the activity of acid phosphomonoesterase. Comparison of the effects of LMWOAs showed that the citric acid was the least toxic to soil phosphatases

Assessment of Napropamide Dissipation and its Effect on Soil Enzymatic Activity

This paper assesses the dissipation of napropamide and its impact on the activity of dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and urease in sandy clay loam. The experiment was carried out on soil samples with organic carbon content of 12.08 g·kg-1, total nitrogen content of 0.97 g·kg-1, and pH 5.24 with the following variable factors: (a) dose of Devrinol 450 SC formation (containing 450 g of napropamide in dm3): 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16-fold hold of field dose; (b) day of experiment: 1, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 112. The half-life of napropamide ranged from 33.50 to 71.42 days. The use of napropamide at the dose recommended by the manufacturer and at the dose reduced by half appeared to exhibit low toxicity in relation to enzymes determined. In contrast, the application of elevated napropamide doses decreased the values of biochemical parameters of the soil in most cases. The Pearson correlation coefficients showed statistically significant negative correlation between the content of napropamide residues and the enzymatic activity of the soil

Rice Straw Vermicompost Enriched With Cellulolytic Microbes Ameliorate the Negative Effect of Drought in Wheat Through Modulating the Morpho-Physiological Attributes

Wheat growth and productivity are unfavorably pretentious by a lack of sufficient water (drought or water deficit) worldwide. Drought stress significantly affects all the morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics and the agronomical yield of wheat. Different management approaches have been adopted to cope with the negative effects of water deficit. Soil-applied vermicompost is helpful in improving the growth and developmental processes of wheat under water deficit conditions. Therefore, a trial was carried out to optimize the best amount of vermicompost and to assess its role in ameliorating the negative effects of drought for sustainable crop production. The treatments consisted of 1) two contrasting wheat cultivars Faisalabad-08 (drought-tolerant) and Galaxy-13 (drought-sensitive), 2) drought with three levels [D0 = 70% of field capacity (no drought), D1 = 45% of field capacity (mild drought), and D2 = 30% of field capacity (severe drought)] and 3) cellulolytic microbe-enriched vermicompost prepared from rice straw with four levels (VT0 = Control, VT1 = 4 t ha−1, VT2 = 6 t ha−1 , and VT3 = 8 t ha−1). Data on various morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters were recorded from sowing to crop harvesting. In this study, it was demonstrated that all these parameters were negatively affected by moisture deficit conditions. The application of vermi-fertilizer significantly increased (p < 0.05) the aforementioned parameters of wheat in both the absence and presence of drought. Under severe drought, VT2 treatment increased the seedling length by 14.02–26.14%, fresh weight by 15.16–22.91%, and dry weight by 0.37–28.20% in both cultivars compared with control. In addition, VT2 treatment reduced the leaf water potential by 6.36 and 3.36%, leaf osmotic potential by 1.74 and 1.68%, and increased the turgor potential by 4.83 and 3.36%, and photosynthetic rate by 18.59 and 26.42% in Faislabad-08 and Galaxy-13, respectively, over control. We concluded that the application of vermicompost is a valuable approach to alleviate the adverse impacts of water stress on wheat

Effect of different glyphosate salts on phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities in soil with reference to ecological importance of soil pollution. A laboratory experiment

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the two glyphosate salts: isopropylamine and potassium (contained in preparations Roundup) on the activity of phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase in the soil. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory conditions on two soil types: loamy sand (Corg 8.70 g·kg−1, pHKCl 6.39) and sandy loam (Corg 10.90 g·kg−1, pHKCl 6.81). Two glyphosate salts (isopropylamine and potassium) in dosage of 0, 1 and 100 mg·kg−1 were applicate into soils. Phosphodiesterase and phospotriesterase activities in soils were determined spectrophotometrically on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112. The obtained results were converted with respect to the enzyme activities in the control soil (assuming it to be 100%) and given as percent of inhibition. The results were shown as environmental danger zones graphs. Obtained results showed that glyphosate salts application has primarily resulted in inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity, and stimulation of phosphotriesterase activity in soils. Soil type and kind of glyphosate salt affect the interaction of herbicide with phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities. The observed changes in the phosphodiesterase and phosphotriesterase activities caused by the addition of both glyphosate salts were located on environmental danger zones graphs in the range of negligible or acceptable values, which may indicate a low impact of herbicide on measured enzymes