Percutaneous transrenal ureteral plug embolization: is there a need for tissue adhesives?

PURPOSE:We aimed to evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness and safety of ureteral embolization exclusively using Amplatzer Vascular Plugs (AVPs) in the management of ureteral leakages.METHODS:A retrospective analysis of 7 patients with ureteral leakages and fistulas having undergone transrenal ureteral embolization with AVPs was performed. In all cases, AVPs were deployed via a preexisting percutaneous transrenal nephrostomy tube. Technical and clinical success as well as complications were evaluated.RESULTS:During a 4-year study period, 11 ureters in 7 patients were embolized using AVPs. In one case additional coil embolization was conducted. Technical success in terms of sufficient occlusion of the treated ureter was achieved in 100% of the procedures. Median size of used plugs was 16.0 mm (range, 12–18 mm). Number of deployed AVPs ranged between one and three. Median procedural time was 24.00 minutes, and a median dose area product of 58.92 Gy·cm2 was documented. No procedure-related complications occurred. During a median follow-up period of 7 weeks, recurrence of the treated leak could not be observed.CONCLUSION:Ureteric plug embolization in patients with ureteral leakages or fistulas is a feasible, effective, and safe technique, even without the addition of tissue adhesives. However, due to the often limited prognosis and life expectancy of the affected patients, long-term experiences are still lacking

Molecular genetics of hereditary angioedema

Mutationen im C1-Inhibitor(C1-INH)-Gen manifestieren sich in Form autosomal dominant vererbter Angioödeme (hereditäres Angioödem (HAE)), wobei zwei Typen unterschieden werden. Während der HAE-Typ I mit einer Häufigkeit von 85% auftritt und durch erniedrigte C1-INH-Plasmaspiegel mit daraus resultierender niedriger Aktivität gekennzeichnet ist, liegt beim HAE-Typ II ein in seiner inhibitorischen Funktion eingeschränktes neben dem intakten Protein vor. Beide Typen unterscheiden sich nicht hinsichtlich ihrer klinischen Symptomatik und können zur Ausbildung eines lebensbedrohlichen Larynxödems führen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden die molekulargenetischen Ursachen des hereditären Angioödems untersucht. Mit Hilfe der DGGE als Screeningverfahren zur Mutationssuche im C1-Inhibitor-Gen wurde eine effiziente Methode etabliert, die eine Detektion von Punktmutationen, kleinen Deletionen und Insertionen ermöglichte. In deren Anschluss konnte durch Sequenzierung eine genaue Charakterisierung der Mutationen erfolgen. Im untersuchten Patientenkollektiv wurden 23 Mutationen bei Patienten mit HAE-Typ I identifiziert, von denen 19 bisher nicht bekannt waren. Dabei handelt es sich um 9 Missense- und 2 Nonsense-Mutationen, 5 kleine Deletionen (1-3 bp) sowie 3 Spleissmutationen, aus denen z. T. mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit ihre Bedeutung für die Ausbildung eines HAE erklärbar ist, wobei die Beurteilung der Kausalität der identifizierten Mutationen sich nach dem Mutationstyp und der Mutationslokalisation im Gen richtet. Erst durch die Charakterisierung des zugrundeliegenden Gendefekts wird eine Sicherung der Diagnose HAE und der Ausschluss anderer Differentialdiagnosen ermöglicht und führt damit zu einer Steigerung der Behandlungssicherheit betroffener Patienten.Mutations in the C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) gene cause the autosomal dominant disorder hereditary angioedema (HAE). HAE type I (85% of kindreds) is characterized by diminished levels of functional and antigenic C1-INH, while patients with HAE type II synthetize a dysfunctional C1-INH protein having normal or raised antigenic levels. A severe complication of HAE is complete airway obstruction, caused by laryngeal edema. The presented thesis shows nineteen previously unknown mutations in the C1-INH gene causing HAE. Using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) followed by direct sequencing nine missense, two nonsense, three splicing mutations and five small deletions (1-3 bp) have been identified in the screened families

Tumor thrombus of inferior vena cava in patients with renal cell carcinoma - clinical and oncological outcome of 50 patients after surgery

Background To evaluate oncological and clinical outcome in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and tumor thrombus involving inferior vena cava (IVC) treated with nephrectomy and thrombectomy. Methods We identified 50 patients with a median age of 65 years, who underwent radical surgical treatment for RCC and tumor thrombus of the IVC between 1997 and 2010. The charts were reviewed for pathological and surgical parameters, as well as complications and oncological outcome. Results The median follow-up was 26 months. In 21 patients (42%) distant metastases were already present at the time of surgery. All patients underwent radical nephrectomy, thrombectomy and lymph node dissection through a flank (15 patients/30%), thoracoabdominal (14 patients/28%) or midline abdominal approach (21 patients/42%), depending upon surgeon preference and upon the characteristics of tumor and associated thrombus. Extracorporal circulation with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was performed in 10 patients (20%) with supradiaphragmal thrombus of IVC. Cancer-specific survival for the whole cohort at 5 years was 33.1%. Survival for the patients without distant metastasis at 5 years was 50.7%, whereas survival rate in the metastatic group at 5 years was 7.4%. Median survival of patients with metastatic disease was 16.4 months. On multivariate analysis lymph node invasion, distant metastasis and grading were independent prognostic factors. There was no statistically significant influence of level of the tumor thrombus on survival rate. Indeed, patients with supradiaphragmal tumor thrombus (n = 10) even had a better outcome (overall survival at 5 years of 58.33%) than the entire cohort. Conclusions An aggressive surgical approach is the most effective therapeutic option in patients with RCC and any level of tumor thrombus and offers a reasonable longterm survival. Due to good clinical and oncological outcome we prefer the use of CPB with extracorporal circulation in patients with supradiaphragmal tumor thrombus. Cytoreductive surgery appears to be beneficial for patients with metastatic disease, especially when consecutive therapy is performed. Although sample size of our study cohort is limited consistent with some other studies lymph node invasion, distant metastasis and grading seem to have prognostic value

Troubleshooting of failed continence mechanisms in the ileocecal pouch: Operative technique and long-term results of the intussuscepted ileal nipple valve

Objectives To provide a detailed step-by-step operative technique, and to report on long-term functional and metabolic outcomes in secondary continence mechanisms in the form of secondary intussuscepted ileal nipple valves in revisional surgery of ileocecal pouches. Methods From May 1997 to May 2015, 18 female and 10 male patients suffering from dysfunctional primary continence mechanisms of their ileocecal pouch underwent revisonal surgery to create a secondary ileal nipple valve at our tertiary referral center. The average follow-up period was 65.4 months. Results After surgery, 24 patients were continent by day and night, and four patients showed minor incontinence with the use of a safety pad. The average frequency of clean intermittent catheterization decreased both during the day and at night. The diameter of the catheters used for clean intermittent catheterization increased significantly. No patient showed stomal stenosis, change of stool habits or metabolic situation in the follow-up period. Furthermore, the creation of the secondary ileal nipple valves did not affect the capacity of the reservoir. In the long-term follow up, two patients required the construction of a third continence mechanism, making for an overall success rate of 92% in the study group. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study of long-term results after the creation of secondary ileal nipple valves. We provide evidence that the creation of a secondary ileal nipple valve is a safe and reliable procedure for continence restoration in ileocecal pouches with excellent functional and metabolic long-term outcomes

Impact of miR-21, miR-126 and miR-221 as prognostic factors of clear cell renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus of the inferior vena cava

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) characterized by a tumor thrombus (TT) extending into the inferior vena cava (IVC) generally indicates poor prognosis. Nevertheless, the risk for tumor recurrence after nephrectomy and thrombectomy varies. An applicable and accurate prediction system to select ccRCC patients with TT of the IVC (ccRCC/TT) at high risk after nephrectomy is urgently needed, but has not been established up to now. To our knowledge, a possible role of microRNAs (miRs) for the development of ccRCC/TT or their impact as prognostic markers in ccRCC/TT has not been explored yet. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of the previously described onco-miRs miR-200c, miR-210, miR-126, miR-221, let-7b, miR-21, miR-143 and miR-141 in a study collective of 74 ccRCC patients. Using the expression profiles of these eight miRs we developed classification systems that accurately differentiate ccRCC from non-cancerous renal tissue and ccRCC/TT from tumors without TT. In the subgroup of 37 ccRCC/TT cases we found that miR-21, miR-126, and miR-221 predicted cancer related death (CRD) accurately and independently from other clinico-pathological features. Furthermore, a combined risk score based on the expression of miR-21, miR-126 and miR-221 was developed and showed high sensitivity and specificity to predict cancer specific survival (CSS) in ccRCC/TT. Using the combined risk score we were able to classify ccRCC/TT patients correctly into high and low risk cases. The risk stratification by the combined risk score (CRS) will benefit from further cohort validation and might have potential for clinical application as a molecular prediction system to identify high- risk ccRCC/TT patients

Livin/BIRC7 expression as malignancy marker in adrenocortical tumors

Livin/BIRC7 is a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins family, which are involved in tumor development through the inhibition of caspases. Aim was to investigate the expression of livin and other members of its pathway in adrenocortical tumors and in the adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) cell line NCI-H295R. The mRNA expression of livin, its isoforms α and β, XIAP, CASP3 and DIABLO was evaluated by qRT-PCR in 82 fresh-frozen adrenal tissues (34 ACC, 25 adenomas = ACA, 23 normal adrenal glands = NAG). Livin protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 270 paraffin-embedded tissues (192 ACC, 58 ACA, 20 NAG). Livin, CASP3 and cleaved caspase-3 were evaluated in NCI-H295R after induction of livin overexpression. Relative livin mRNA expression was significantly higher in ACC than in ACA and NAG (0.060 ± 0.116 vs 0.004 ± 0.014 and 0.002 ± 0.009, respectively, p < 0.01), being consistently higher in tumors than in adjacent NAG and isoform β more expressed than α. No significant differences in CASP3, XIAP and DIABLO levels were found among these groups. In immunohistochemistry, livin was localized in both cytoplasm and nuclei. The ratio between cytoplasmic and nuclear staining was significantly higher in ACC (1.51 ± 0.66) than in ACA (0.80 ± 0.35) and NAG (0.88 ± 0.27; p < 0.0001). No significant correlations were observed between livin expression and histopathological parameters or clinical outcome. In NCI-H295R cells, the livin overexpression slightly reduced the activation of CASP3, but did not correlate with cell viability. In conclusion, livin is specifically over-expressed in ACC, suggesting that it might be involved in adrenocortical tumorigenesis and represent a new molecular marker of malignancy

MiR-21 and miR-126 expression is associated to positive LN metastases and survival.

<p>Relative expression (ΔC_t levels) of miR-21 and miR-126 were analysed by qRT-PCR in ccRCC/TT samples and normalized using RNU6B. ccRCC/TT cases (n = 37) were divided into risk groups by positive distant metastases (A) or cancer specific death throughout follow up (B). Significant changes in median expression for miR-21 and miR-126 in between subgroups were calculated by unpaired student’s t-test and indicated in the Box and Whiskers plots.</p

Classification properties of miRNA for ccRCC/TT.

<p>Abbreviations: RCC : renal cell carcinoma; TT : tumor thrombus; woTT : without tumor thrombus; AUC: area under receiver characteristic curve; normal: non-cancerous renal tissue.</p><p>Classification properties of miRNA for ccRCC/TT.</p