PERAN PASAR MODAL BAGI PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA

The role of the capital market as a source of corporate funding which has implications for the country's economy is not only an alternative but has been able to become the main source of funding. Funds offered in the capital market through several corporate actions such as initial public offerings, rights issues, issuance of bonds, derivatives and mutual funds each year are considered to be far more efficient than the funding obtained by the company from bank loans. Especially when the inflation trend increases which indirectly affects bank lending rates. The number of companies that registered initial issues, rights issues, bonds and other funding sources in the capital market, which were raised through corporate actions, recorded significant results every year. Although there are comparative fluctuations, one of which is influenced by the economy at home and abroad, every year this does not dampen the interest of the company to continue to obtain funding in the capital market

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field