Agroecological farming, climate change and migration in marginalized areas of Mexico / La agricultura agroecológica, cambio climático y migración en áreas marginadas de México

Anthropogenic climate change, migration and agriculture are concepts intimately linked to each other and each one has effects on society as a whole, this document aims to elucidate the contribution of a paradigmatic change of subsistence agriculture for food production, in comparison with the incorporation of agroecological practices in agriculture in marginalized areas that can be friendlier to the environment and the conservation of natural resources, which allow greater opportunities for the rural population to settle. The proposal and results expressed in this document indicate the possibility of making a change in food production in areas that have historically been relegated and that the Government of Mexico has placed special interest in supporting, through the Production for Well-being Program. , implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture of Mexico and the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research, through the Technical Support Strategy in 11 production chains, which receive direct support, technical support and financing in production projects. Under the methodology of learning by doing and field schools as a method of knowledge transfer. To date, 2,200 field schools have been established, serving more than 450 municipalities in 27 states of the Mexican Republic, and 190 researchers, 1,139 technicians or professional service providers, and 7,000 young people participating in the program of Youth Building the Future

Contributions to the INIFAP technology transfer 35 years after its creation / Contribuições para a transferência de tecnologia INIFAP 35 anos após a sua criação

The main contributions that INIFAP has made in the transfer of technologies and knowledge, in support of the rural population of Mexico, are presented, the most outstanding models within the national and international scope that researchers have put into operation and their main results are detailed. Undoubtedly, the institutional contributions to the programs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development have marked a watershed between the traditional models or what "what occurred to him" to the researcher in contrast to the participatory and inclusive models to contribute to the substantial improvement of the productive processes, the family economy and for the agribusiness

Agronomic evaluation of corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes in the warm dry region of Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract: The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the agronomic performance of experimental genotypes of maize in three agro-ecological environments of the Centro de Chiapas region. During the spring summer 2016 agricultural cycle, six maize genotypes were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. The genotypes showed significant differences (P <0.05) for grain yield, plant height, ear length and number of rows; the interaction genotype by environment was not significant. The XT-5627 and XT-5610 genotypes showed greater stability and the first showed higher yield. The high yields were obtained in the Francisco Villa, Villaflores environment, of the Frailesca region, Chiapas. Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the agronomic behavior of experimental maize genotypes in three contrasting environments of the Central region of Chiapas. Design/methodology/approach: The experiments were established during the spring-summer 2016 agricultural cycle in the towns of Francisco Villa, Villaflores (730 m); San Luis, Suchiapa (600 m) and in Ocozocoautla (800 m), located in the Central region of the state of Chiapas. In the three sites, the climate is warm subhumid with rains in summer and presence of intra-festival drought during the second half of July and the first half of August.  Genetic material. The experimental genotypes were evaluated: XT-5614, XT-3402, XT-5610, XT-5612, XT-5627 and the BG7415W genotype of the Biogene company, which is used in commercial crops in the Center of Chiapas. All genotypes showed viability greater than 90%. The genotypes were distributed in the three experimental sites, which were used for seeding in a randomized complete block experimental design with four replications. The experimental unit consisted of four rows of 5 m in length each and 0.8 m apart, while the useful plot was formed by the two central rows. Variables evaluated. Days to male flowering (DFM), days to female flowering (DFF), plant height (AP), ear height (AM), ear length (LM), ear diameter (DM), rows per ear (HM) , grains per row and grain yield (REND) at 14% moisture. A combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out and the model of additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) was used for the evaluation of the genotype x environment interaction (IGA). The analysis of variance was solved with the SAS system (SAS, 2000) while the GEA-R program was used for the AMMI model (Pacheco et al., 2015). Results: The combined analysis of variance detected differences between genotypes (G) for most of the variables except in grains per row and days to male and female flowering; Between environments (A) there were significant differences for all variables, for the environment genotype interaction (IGA), there were only significant differences for the number of rows per ear (Table 1). The values of the coefficient of variation (CV) were from 1.26 (DFF) to 10% (REND), which indicates an acceptable control (<20%) of the experimental variability. The results show a genetic variation between the evaluated genotypes, which allows selecting the most outstanding ones. The evaluation environments represent the agroecological conditions, where maize is grown in the Central region of Chiapas and because they are contrasting, they showed differential effects and this condition is necessary in the evaluation of germplasm in the process of genetic improvement (Córdoba, 1991). Limitations on study/implications: With regard to ear height, the values are acceptable as short plants favor ear rot in hot climates, when there is excess weeds before harvest. The flowering of the genotypes is considered acceptable and they were earlier (55 days) in the Suchiapa site, probably due to the high temperatures of this locality and, in addition, there was the presence of intra-festival drought, compared to the other two experimental sites. The asynchrony between male and female flowering in all genotypes was not significant. Findings/conclusions: Among the genotypes, there were significant differences for grain yield, plant height, ear height, ear length, and number of rows; the genotype-by-environment interaction was not significant. The XT 5627 and XT 5610 genotypes showed higher stability and the former showed higher grain yield. The high yields were presented in the environment of Francisco Villa, Villaflores, of the Frailesca region, Chiapas.Objective. To evaluate the agronomic behavior of corn (Zea mays L.) experimental genotypes in three contrasting environments in the Central region of Chiapas, Mexico. Design / methodology / approach. The experiments took place during the 2016 spring-summer agricultural cycle at Francisco Villa, Villaflores (730 m); San Luis, Suchiapa (600 m) and Ocozocoautla (800 m), at the Central region in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. At the three assessed sites, the climate is warm subhumid with rains in summer and intra-stival drought during the second half of July and the first half of August. The genotypes XT-5614, XT-3402, XT-5610, XT-5612, XT-5627, and BG7415W from the Biogene Company were evaluated, which are used in commercial crops at the Center of Chiapas. All genotypes showed viability greater than 90%. Three experimental sites were evaluated, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental unit consisted of four 5 m long rows 0.8 m apart. The useful plot was formed by two central furrows. The evaluated variables were: days to male flowering (DMF), days to female flowering (DFF), plant height (PH), cob height (CH), cob length (CL), cob diameter (CD), rows per cob (RC), grains per row and grain yield (YLD) at 14% moisture. These were analyzed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and for the genotype x environment interaction (GEI) the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) were used, with the SAS statistical software and the GEA-R software. Results: The combined analysis of variance detected differences between genotypes (G) for most of the variables except in grains per row. and days to male and female flowering; there were significant differences between environments (A) for all variables, while for the GEI, there were significant differences for the number of rows per cob. The CV was 1.26 (DFF) at 10% (YLD), which indicates an acceptable control (<20%) of the experimental variability. The results indicated genetic variation between evaluated genotypes, which allows the selection of the most outstanding ones. The evaluation environments showed differential effects and this condition is necessary for the evaluation of germplasm for a genetic improvement process. Study limitations/implications: Cob height registered acceptable values given that short plants favor rotting in hot climates when weeds are present before harvest. The flowering of the genotypes was considered acceptable and was earlier (55 d) at the Suchiapa site. Findings/conclusions: Among the assessed genotypes there were significant differences for grain yield, plant height, cob height, cob length and the number of rows; the genotype-by-environment interaction was not significant. The XT 5627 and XT 5610 genotypes showed higher stability, and the former showed higher grain yield. The highest yields were recorded in the environment from Francisco Villa, Villaflores, at the Frailesca region, Chiapas

Contenido de azúcares en variedades de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L.) para etanol en el centro de Chiapas, México

Objective: The objective was to evaluate varieties of sweet sorghum for their sugar content and stability in different environments. Design/methodology/approximation: The experiments were established in the localities of Ocozocoautla and Suchiapa of the Center of Chiapas during the years 2015, 2016 and 2017. The varieties RB-Cañaveral, RB-Tehua, RB-Cañero, RB-Norteño, RB-Paloma and Fortuna were evaluated, under the experimental design of randomized complet blocks with four repetitions. The sugar conten (°Brix) in the phenological stages of flowering and physiological maturity of the grain was quantified. A combined analysis of variance was modeled using the site regression method (SREG). Results: The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences (P<0.01) between environments, varieties and for genotype x environment interaction. In the flowering stage, the varieties RB Cañaveral and Fortuna stood out with 15.92 and 14.28 °Brix; while in physiological maturity of the grain the varieties RB-Cañaveral, Fortuna, RB-Paloma and RB-Tehua stood out with values of 17.9, 15.86, 14.82 and 14.69 °Brix, respectively. Limitatons of the study/implications: It is desirable to promote these varieties in environments with drought problems in the Center of Chiapas.Finding/Conclusions: The varieties RB-Cañaveral and Fortuna were the ones that produced the highest sugar content on average of the five environments. The RB-Cañaveral variety showed stability through the environments for the production of sugar.Objetivo: evaluar variedades de sorgo dulce (Sorghum bicolor L.) por su contenido de azúcares y estabilidad en ambientes diferentes. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Los experimentos se establecieron en las localidades de Ocozocoautla y Suchiapa del Centro de Chiapas durante los años 2015, 2016 y 2017.  Se evaluaron las variedades RB-Cañaveral, RB-Tehua, RB-Cañero, RB-Huasteco, RB-Norteño, RB-Paloma y Fortuna, bajo el diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se cuantificó el contenido de azúcares (°Brix) en las etapas fenológicas de floración y madurez fisiológica del grano. Se realizó un análisis de varianza combinado. La interacción genotipo ambiente y la estabilidad de la producción de azúcares se modeló con el método de regresión en los sitios (SREG). Resultados: El análisis de varianza mostró diferencias altamente significativas (P<0.01) entre los ambientes, variedades y para la interacción genotipo x ambiente. En la etapa de floración destacaron las variedades RB-Cañaveral y Fortuna con 15.92 y 14.28 °Brix; mientras que en madurez fisiológica del grano sobresalieron las variedades RB-Cañaveral, Fortuna, RB-Paloma y RB-Tehua con valores de 17.9, 15.86, 14.82 y 14.69 °Brix, respectivamente. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Es deseable la promoción de estas variedades en ambientes con problemas de sequía del Centro de Chiapas. Conclusiones: Las variedades RB-Cañaveral y Fortuna fueron las que produjeron mayor contenido de azúcares en promedio de los cinco ambientes. La variedad RB-Cañaveral mostró estabilidad a través de los ambientes para la producción de azúcares

Criterios para determinar áreas potenciales para implementar proyectos de recarga de acuíferos: Mixteca-Tehuacán-Sierra Negra, México

En los municipios con alta marginación de las regiones de la Mixteca-Tehuacán-Sierra Negra, Puebla, la falta de agua es el principal problema que ha provocado la migración permanente de la población. La escasez en la realización de trabajos básicos en planeación territorial ha sido el principal obstáculo en la solución de esta problemática, tomando en cuenta como alternativa de solución la recarga natural de acuíferos. La recarga natural, como su nombre lo indica, se da en condiciones naturales; una forma de incrementar la disponibilidad del agua es mediante la implementación de proyectos de recarga, también llamada recarga artificial. La definición de áreas potenciales de recarga natural incluye diferentes factores, tanto a nivel superficial como subsuperficial; en éstos destacan los aspectos técnico, social, económico y ambiental. Por la complejidad del proceso, se requiere categorizar y agrupar los elementos que abarquen los aspectos anteriores, para que a partir de un estudio geográfico sirva como un mecanismo útil en el desarrollo de la ubicación, diseño y construcción de obras orientadas a resolver el problema de abastecimiento de agua en las regiones, las cuales representan una gran porción de las zonas semiáridas del país. El presente estudio se realizó en 2009, con el objetivo de definir criterios técnicos para evaluar las alternativas en la determinación de las áreas preliminares de recarga; estas alternativas fueron las siguientes: producción de agua de escorrentía, superficie de degradación extrema del suelo, extensión territorial, índice de marginación, densidad de población, cercanía a poblaciones, localidades dentro del límite de la microcuenca y vías de acceso, con base en una categorización estadística combinatoria. Los estudios precisaron como áreas regionales representativas de trabajo 11 microcuencas piloto, aptas para el desarrollo de obras, después de un análisis de 224

Effect of the application of potassium on the yield of corn (zea mays L.) in La Frailesca, chiapas Mexico / Efeito da aplicação de potássio na produção de milho (zea mays L.) em La Frailesca, chiapas, México

In recently soil analysis in La Frailesca Chiapas, it has been detected that most soils have low exchangeable potasium (K) concentrations, therefore maize plants show symptoms of deficiency of this nutrient, which can affect the yield. The maize response was evaluated at four doses of K (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg K2O ha-1) in three locations with non-acid soils. A randomized block design with five replications was used, and potassium chloride (KCl) as a potassium source. KCl was applied by manual broadcasting and was incorporated to the soil 10 and 15 cm deep with a disc harrow. In all three locations a significant positive response was observed (p <0.05) to which a lineal-plateau model was adjusted, with an average increase in yield of 1 964 kg ha-1 (150% higher than without K) with 90 kg K2O ha-1. No response was observed to higher doses. The regression equation for the linear part of the response model is: Yield (kg ha-1) = 3 855 + 22 kg K2O ha-1. The agronomic efficiency of K at the dose of 90 kg K2O ha-1 was higher than the reference range (7 to 15 kg grain.kg-1 K2O). At the same time, this treatment had the highest net benefit and a marginal rate of return of 370%. Under the conditions of this study, the application of 90 kg K2O ha-1 presented the highest yield, economic benefit and agronomic efficiency

Evaluation of microbiological safety in bioinputs produced in Mexico

Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological safety of bioinputs produced in Mexico. The main reason for this evaluation is that bioinputs are products made from the region's manures, plant residues and raw materials. The transformation of these raw materials is carried out by microorganisms present. The process goes through three stages: initial, thermophilic and final. The thermophilic stage is critical because weeds and microorganisms with pathogenic potential disappear in processes under optimal conditions. Methodology: 1345 bioinputs samples were received from different states of Mexico. The samples were evaluated for the presence of total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli under the provisions of the Official Mexican STANDARDS, NOM-210-SSA1-2014 and NOM-114-SSA1-1994. Results: It was possible to identify 79% of the samples with Most Probable Number values <3 of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, the minimum permissible by the Official Mexican STANDARD NOM-210-SSA1-2014, also identified 99% of samples free of Salmonella. Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to conclude that the bioinputs produced in Mexico are free of pathogens for humans, which can also be represented as innocuous bioinputs.  Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological safety of bioinputs produced in Mexico. The main reason for this evaluation is that bioinputs are products made from the region's manures, plant residues and raw materials. The transformation of these raw materials is carried out by microorganisms present. The process goes through three stages: initial, thermophilic and final. The thermophilic stage is critical because weeds and microorganisms with pathogenic potential disappear in processes under optimal conditions. Methodology: 1345 bioinputs samples were received from different states of Mexico. The samples were evaluated for the presence of total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli under the provisions of the Official Mexican STANDARDS, NOM-210-SSA1-2014 and NOM-114-SSA1-1994. Results: It was possible to identify 79% of the samples with Most Probable Number values <3 of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, the minimum permissible by the Official Mexican STANDARD NOM-210-SSA1-2014, also identified 99% of samples free of Salmonella. Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to conclude that the bioinputs produced in Mexico are free of pathogens for humans, which can also be represented as innocuous bioinputs

Evaluación de trampas para Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) en la costa de Oaxaca, México

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the modified CSAT and PET traps in the capture of coconut palm black weevil Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Río Grande, Tututepec, Oaxaca, Mexico. Design/methodology/approximation:  To capture R. palmarum in an Enano Malayo Amarillo cv. Acapulco coconut grove, during 2016-2018, were installed modified CSAT and PET traps, both whit Rincoforol as pheromone and Tabasco banana as food bait. With the capture log every seven days, the monthly was built. A paired plot treatment design with six repetitions was used and the results were compared with the Student t test for paired samples. Results: In the three years of the study, the monthly average of captured specimens was 3.1 in the modified CSAT trap and 1.5 in the PET (p<0.01); during the rainy season (June to October) the catch increased. As the time elapsed the attraction of Rincoforol decreased, becoming nullified after 120 days. Limitations on study/Implications: No limitations/implications were found in this study. Findings/Conclusions:  The modified CSAT trap was more efficient in capturing coconut palm black weevil. The PET trap is a safe and cheaper option to reduce populations of the pest.Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de las trampas CSAT modificada y PET en la captura del picudo negro del cocotero Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleóptera: Curculionidae) en Río Grande, Tututepec, Oaxaca, México.Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Para capturar R. palmarum en una huerta de cocotero Enano Malayo Amarillo cv. Acapulco, durante 2016-2018 se instalaron trampas CSAT modificada y PET, ambas con Rincoforol como feromona y plátano Tabasco como cebo alimenticio. Con el registro de captura de cada siete días, se obtuvo el total mensual. Se utilizó un diseño de tratamientos de parcelas apareadas con seisrepeticiones y los resultados se compararon con la prueba de t de Student para muestras pareadas. Resultados: En los tres años del estudio, el promedio mensual de ejemplares capturados fue de 3.1 en la trampa CSAT modificada y de 1.5 en la PET (p<0.01); durante la época de lluvias (junio a octubre)se incrementó la captura. A medida que transcurrió el tiempo disminuyó el poder de atracción del Rincoforol, nulificándose después de 120 días. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: No se tuvo ninguna en este estudio. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La trampa CSAT modificada fue más eficiente para capturar picudos negros del cocotero. La trampa PET es una opción inocua y más económica para disminuir las poblaciones de laplaga

Morphological characterization of Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) ecotypes collected in Chiapas, Mexico

Objective: To characterize the morphology of 18 ecotypes of Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) in Chiapas. Design/Methodology/Approach: The morphological characterization was carried out with 34 quantitative and qualitative descriptors. A principal component analysis and a hierarchical cluster analysis were performed based on the average data. Results: In the principal component analysis, five of the principal components accounted for 70.7% of the total variability in the 18 ecotypes of Elephant grass. The variables that made the most significant contributions in each CP were: in CP1, internode diameter (p<0.01), internode length (p<0.05), color of internode without wax (p<0.01), number of innovations (p<0.01 ), prophylls (p<0.01), number of prophylls (p<0.01), external length of the sheath (p<0.01), internal length of the sheath at its opening point (p<0.01), opening of the auricle (p<0.01 ); for CP2, the number of visible internodes (p<0.05), channel width (p<0.05), size of innovations (p<0.05), adventitious root, number of internodes (p<0.01), wax under the sheath (p<0.05); and for CP3, number of visible internodes (p<0.05), color of the internode with wax (p<0.001), channel depth (p<0.001), ligule shape (p<0.05) and leaflet tip (p< 0.05). As a result of the hierarchical cluster analysis and the semipartial correlation coefficient, five morphologically distinct groups were determined. Study Limitations: A more accurate description of the morphological diversity of the grasses requires the characterization of the inflorescence and the spikelet. Findings/Conclusions: The 18 ecotypes of the Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) collected and characterized were dissimilar with each other; consequently, they are considered a genetic resource with potential importance as forage on the Chiapas coast

Inhibition of mycelial growth and conidium germination of Colletotrichum sp. for organic and inorganic products

Objective: To evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide, potassium sorbate, sodium bicarbonate and chitosan, on the in vitro germination and mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp. Design/methodology/approach: Effectiveness’ evaluation of each treatments was carried out using the methodology of poisoned cultures. The following concentrations were evaluated for hydrogen peroxide and potassium sorbate: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.16, 0.12, 0.08 and 0.04 %; for sodium bicarbonate: 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 %; and finally for chitosan: 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 %. A mycelial growth disc of Colletotrichum sp. six days old was placed on each poisoned culture. The experimental design to measure the inhibition of mycelial growth and conidia germination of Colletotrichum sp. was completely randomized with five replications. Results were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and average ranges were compared between them. The EC50 and EC95 of each product were determined by probit analyses. Results: The hydrogen peroxide inhibits 100 % of mycelial growth from concentration of 0.16 %, while potassium sorbate from 0.2 %. Regarding to sodium bicarbonate and chitosan, they reached this effect in 1.0 and 2.5 %. Conidia germination was completely inhibited only with hydrogen peroxide and potassium sorbate. The EC50 and EC95 for hydrogen peroxide were 0.1 and 0.12 %, for potassium sorbate: 0.10 and 0.19 %, sodium bicarbonate: 0.16 and 0.88 %, and for chitosan: 1.20 and 2.18 %, respectively. Findings/conclusions: The evaluated treatments represent an effective and viable ecological alternative for the control of Colletotrichum sp.Objective: To evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide, potassium sorbate, sodium bicarbonate, and chitosan on mycelial growth and in vitro germination of Colletotrichum sp., to be used for future management of anthracnose disease in postharvest cv. Ataulfo mango fruit. Design/Methodology/Approach: The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated using the poisoned culture method. The evaluated concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and potassium sorbate were 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0.16, 0.12, 0.08, and 0.04 %; sodium bicarbonate, 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 %; and chitosan, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 %. A 6-day disk of Colletotrichum sp. mycelial growth was placed in each poisoned culture medium. The inhibition of mycelial growth and the germination of Colletotrichum sp. conidia were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with five repetitions for mycelial growth and four for conidium germination. The results were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the comparison of average ranges. The CE50 and CE95 of each product was estimated using Probit analysis with the results of mycelial growth inhibition. Results: The mycelial growth inhibition (100%) of the Colletotrichum sp. strain was reached starting at concentrations of 0.16, 0.2, 1.0, and 2.5% for hydrogen peroxide, potassium sorbate, sodium bicarbonate, and chitosan, respectively. The inhibition of conidium germination was only observed in treatments with hydrogen peroxide and potassium sorbate. The CE50 and CE95 for hydrogen peroxide was 0.1 and 0.12%; for potassium sorbate, 0.10 and 0.19%; for sodium bicarbonate, 0.16 and 0.88%; and for chitosan, 1.20 and 2.18%. Findings/Conclusions: The evaluated treatments represent an effective and viable ecological alternative for the control of Colletotrichum sp., causal agent of anthracnosis in mango fruit