A New Multiplicative Decomposition For The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke Poverty Indices

This paper identifies a multiplicative decomposition for the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty indices as a product of the three components which should be involved in every poverty index: the incidence of poverty, measured by the headcount ratio, the intensity of poverty, measured by the aggregate income gap ratio and the inequality among the poor measured by an increasing transformation of the corresponding inequality index of the Generalized Entropy family. Then, taking data from the Spanish Household Budget Surveys (SHB) as a basis we show the advantages and possibilities of this framework in regard to completing and detailing information in studies of poverty over time.Poverty Measurement, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty indices, Multiplicative Decomposition.

On Measuring the sources of Changes in Poverty using the Shapley method. An Application to Europe

For decomposable poverty measures in incidence, intensity and inequality among the poor, poverty changes between two periods can be expressed in terms of the three poverty components in the two periods. However, most of the poverty decompositions cannot be written in a linear form of the terms. We apply the Shapley decomposition approach in order to decompose the overall poverty change as the sum of the contributions of the three poverty components’ changes. We provide a method to compute the contributions for any decomposable poverty index, and specifically, the contributions formulas for the Sen index and the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke index for α=2are shown. Using EU-SILC data for 2008 and 2015 for 28 European Countries, we analyze the change over time in the FGT2poverty index and the value of the marginal contributions of the three components. ©2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.O. Aristondo gratefully acknowledges the funding support of Departamento de Educación, Política Lingüistica y Cultura del Gobierno Vasco under the project IT568-13 and she also acknowledges the funding support of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia under the project ECO2015-67519, cofunded by FEDER and UPV/EHU, UFI 11/46 BETS. E. Onaindia gratefully acknowledges the funding support of UPV/EHU under the project Ayudas a la innovación para la sostenibilidad de la UPV/EHU 2016

The Gini index,the dual decomposition of aggregation functions, and the consistent measurement of inequality

In several economic fields, such as those related to health, education or poverty, the individuals’ characteristics are measured by bounded variables. Accordingly, these characteristics may be indistinctly represented by achievements or shortfalls. A difficulty arises when inequality needs to be assessed. One may focus either on achievements or on shortfalls but the respective inequality rankings may lead to contradictory results. Specifically, this paper concentrates on the poverty measure proposed by Sen. According to this measure the inequality among the poor is captured by the Gini index. However, the rankings obtained by the Gini index applied to either the achievements or the shortfalls do not coincide in general. To overcome this drawback, we show that an OWA operator is underlying in the definition of the Sen measure. The dual decomposition of the OWA operators into a self-dual core and anti-self-dual remainder allows us to propose an inequality component which measures consistently the achievement and shortfall inequality among the poor.Aggregation functions, dual decomposition, OWA operators, Gini index, consistent measures of achievement/shortfall inequality, Sen index, poverty measures.

Pobrezia energetikoa Euskal Autonomi Erkidegoan 2008, 2012, 2016 eta 2018an

This paper analyzes energy poverty in the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) for the years 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2018. To measure energy poverty, two lines are usually followed: the first one, based on subjective variables and the second based on housing energy expenditures. The variables usually used in the first line are three, normally used in the consensual methodology, which are called perceptual variables. These variables respond to questions on the energy comfort of the households, i.e., whether the household has the capacity to maintain an adequate temperature, whether it has suffered delays in the payment of electricity, water and/or gas bills and, finally, whether the condition of the household is adequate (absence of humidity, leaks or broken windows). In the second line, two variables related to housing energy costs are analyzed; excessive energy expenditure over household income and insufficient energy expenditure, known as hidden poverty. These two lines are usually studied independently in most studies, but not jointly for the same household. In fact, there are no database at European level that contains these five variables together. The novelty of this work is that in the database of the Basque Autonomous Community we can found all the variables for each household and the both lines can be analyzed together. Therefore, in this work, firstly we analyze the both lines independently and then we define and compute general energy poverty for the Basque Autonomous Community by jointly analyzing both lines.; Lan honetan, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko pobrezia energetikoa aztertuko da 2008, 2012, 2016 eta 2018an. Pobrezia energetikoa neurtzeko, bi lerrori jarraitu ohi zaie, aldagai subjektiboetan oinarriturikoa, bata, eta etxebizi- tzen energia gastuetan oinarriturikoa, bestea. Lehenengo lerroan erabili ohi diren aldagaiak hiru dira, adostutako metodoan erabiltzen direnak normalean, eta pertzepzio bidezko aldagaiak deritze. Izan ere, aldagai horiek subjektiboak dira eta etxebizitzetako erosotasun energetikoei buruzko galderei erantzuten diete, hau da, ea etxebizitzak tenperatura egokia mantentzeko ahalmena duen, elektrizitate, ur edo/eta gas fakturak ordaintzerako orduan atzerapenak izan dituen eta, azkenik, etxebizitzaren egoera ea egokia den (hezetasun, itogin edo leiho puskatu eza). Bigarren lerroari dagokionez, etxebizitzen energia gastuekin erlazionaturik dauden bi aldagai aztertzen dira: etxebizitzen diru sarrerekiko gehiegizko gastu energetikoa eta gutxiegiko gastu energetikoa, ezkutuko pobrezia deritzona. Bi lerro hauek independenteki aztertu izan ohi dira etxebizitza bererako lan gehienetan. Izan ere, ez dira existitzen Europa mailan datu-baseak aurretik aipatu diren bost aldagai horiei buruzko datuak batera dituztenak etxebizitza bererako lan gehienetan. Lan honen berritasuna zera da, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko datu-baseetan bi lerroetako aldagai guztiak ditugula etxebizitza bakoitzerako eta bi lerroak elkarrekin aztertzeko aukera dugula. Beraz, lan honetan lehenengoz bi lerroak independenteki aztertuko ditugu eta, azkenik, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegorako pobrezia energetikoaren definizio orokor bat ere emango dugu

Decomposing the changes in poverty: Poverty line and distributional effects

When measuring poverty in developed countries, the poverty line used to identify the poor is usually relative and set as a percentage of the median (or of the mean) of the total income. In consequence, when poverty is analyzed over a period of time, changes in the poverty level depend on the impact of evolving standards. To eliminate this effect, sometimes, an anchored poverty line is used. Furthermore, changes in the mean of the distribution and in the inequality among the poor may also affect the poverty levels. This note proposes a decomposition of the changes in poverty as the sum of four terms. The first two reflect the impact in poverty of changes in living standards and the other two measure the effect of the distributional growth and redistribution. This decomposition will help policymakers in the implementation of a more specific antipoverty agenda. An application with data from the European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions shows the potential of the decomposition proposed

Herramientas cuantitativas para realizar reconstrucciones ambientales de los rellenos estuarinos recientes usando foraminíferos bentónicos

Con la idea de evaluar la respuesta cuantitativa de los foraminíferos con respecto a la distancia relativa a la boca del estuario (RDEM) en los sistemas estuarinos del sur del Golfo de Vizcaya, se ha desarrollado una función de transferencia basada en un matriz de datos compuesta por 88 muestras y 41 especies obtenidas en seis estuarios del norte de España. La RDEM ha sido considerada como un indicador del gradiente de salinidad. La relación entre los resultados obtenidos e inferidos indica el óptimo funcionamiento de la función de transferencia (r2 jack = 0.76) y permiten llevar a cabo reconstrucciones precisas de la evolución reciente de la RDEM a partir del análisis del registro sedimentari

The orness value for rank-dependent welfare functions and rank-dependent poverty measures

We propose two distribution-sensitivity criteria to classify the rank-dependent welfare functions. These criteria compare the reaction of the welfare function to lossy transfers and lossy equalization transfers among individuals. We see that these classifications in terms of their distribution-sensitivity to these transfers can be established focusing only on the weights assigned to each welfare function. We also propose a criterion to sort the rank-dependent welfare functions and the rank-dependent poverty measures in terms of a mathematical value called orness. We provide a classification in terms of the orness value for the welfare functions of the S-Gini family, the Bonferroni index and the De Vergottini index. Another classification is provided for the poverty measures of the Poverty Gap Ratio, the Sen indices, the Thon index and the Thon family of indices, the Kakwani family of indices and the S-Gini family of indices. Finally, we prove that the orness classification for welfare functions and the orness classification for poverty measures can be interpreted as a distribution-sensitive classification since they have a direct link with the classifications proposed above. Moreover, we see that for a subset of welfare functions and another subset of poverty measures, the orness classification and the distribution-sensitivity classification based on lossy transfers and lossy equalization transfers are equivalent

Decompositions for the Kakwani poverty index

none2sinoneOihana Aristondo; Mariateresa CiommiAristondo, Oihana; Ciommi, Mariateres

The decompositions of rank-dependent poverty measures using ordered weighted averaging operators

This paper is concerned with rank-dependent poverty measures and shows that an ordered weighted averaging, hereafter OWA, operator underlies in the definition of these indices. The dual decomposition of an OWA operator into the self-dual core and the anti-self-dual remainder allows us to propose a decomposition for all the rank-dependent poverty measures in terms of incidence, intensity and inequality. In fact, in the poverty field, it is well known that every poverty index should be sensitive to the incidence of poverty, the intensity of poverty and the inequality among the poor individuals. However, the inequality among the poor can be analyzed in terms of either incomes or gaps of the distribution of the poor. And, depending on the side we focus on, contradictory results can be obtained. Nevertheless, the properties inherited by the proposed decompositions from the OWA operators oblige the inequality components to measure equally the inequality of income and inequality of gap overcoming one of the main drawbacks in poverty and inequality measurement. Finally, we provide an empirical illustration showing the appeal of our decompositions for some European Countries in 2005 and 2011

Pobrezia Energetikoa Espainian 2008an, 2011n eta 2014an.

In this paper, Energy Poverty is measured in Spain for years 2008, 2011 and 2014. The variables used to measure energy poverty are the three energy accessibility indicators: the ability to keep the home adequately warm, the arrears on utility bills (electricity, water, gas) and the presence of a leaking roof, damp walls or rotten windows. Firstly a global analysis of energy poverty for Spanish households has been done. Then, we have classified the households according to three different characteristics in order to identify the most affected households. The used classifications are type of area, members of household and household total income. Results suggest that energy poverty in Spain worsened between 2008 and 2014. Specifically, high urbanization areas, households with children and households with low incomes show the highest energy poverty values.; Lan honetan, Espainiako pobrezia energetikoa aztertu da 2008., 2011. eta 2014. urteetarako. Azterketa hau hiru aldagaitan oinarritu da: etxebizitzak tenperatura egokia mantentzeko ahalmenik duenez, elektrizitate-, ur- edo/eta gas-fakturak ordaintzeko orduan atzerapenik duen eta etxebizitzaren egoera egokia denetz (hezetasunik, itoginik edo leiho puskatuik eza). Lehenengoz, estatu-mailako etxebizitzen pobrezia energetikoa aztertu da. Ondoren, etxebizitzen hiru sailkapen erabili dira etxebizitza kaltetuenak identifikatzeko asmoz. Erabilitako sailkapenak hauek dira: urbanizazio-maila, etxebizitzetako kide desberdinak eta etxebizitzen errenta totala. Azterketa honen ondorioz, jakin dugu pobrezia energetikoak 2008tik 2014ra okerrera egin duela; zehazki, pobrezia energetiko handiena duten taldeak urbanizazio-maila baxukoak, umeak dituzten etxebizitzak eta errenta baxukoak direla