Propuesta de mejoramiento de los aprendizajes de los estudiantes mediante el desarrollo de las habilidades del pensamiento científico en la enseñanza de ciencias naturales en los niveles de NB2 para los docentes del colegio San Agustín de Melipilla

Tesis (Magíster en Desarrollo Curricular y Proyectos Educativos)El presente documento busca exponer una investigación ligada a la importancia de la utilización de métodos indagatorios y el desarrollo de las habilidades del pensamientos científico en la enseñanza de las Ciencias Naturales para niños de NB2, e identificar cómo estas habilidades deben ser implementadas e integradas en la planificación de clases para que estrategias relacionadas puedan mejorar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje a los estudiantes. La investigación busca solucionar la problemática detectada, importante para la calidad educativa “La ausencia estrategias de indagación en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en clases Ciencias Naturales , tiene como consecuencia el no desarrollo de las habilidades del pensamiento científico imprescindible para el aprendizaje de los contenidos mínimos obligatorios por parte de los estudiantes de nb2 (3° y 4°) en el Colegio San Agustín de Melipilla”, lo que conlleva a la pregunta de índole general ¿Qué dificultades en los métodos de enseñanza presentan los profesores de nb2 en el colegio San Agustín de Melipilla en Ciencias Naturales para que sus alumnos desarrollen la habilidad dl pensamiento científico? y otras preguntas específicas las cuales se plantean como ¿Qué estrategias de enseñanza les permite a los profesores de Ciencias Naturales de nb2 mejorar las habilidades del pensamiento científico en los estudiantes el colegio San Agustín de Melipilla?¿Cómo la metodología indicativa permite a los profesores mejorar las habilidades del pensamiento científico en los estudiantes de Ciencias Naturales de nb2 del Colegio San Agustín de Melipilla? ¿Qué características debiera tener una propuesta de mejoramiento que permita a los profesores potenciar las habilidades del pensamiento científico en estudiantes de nb2 en clases de Ciencias Naturales en el colegio San Agustín de Melipilla? Todo este proyecto de mejoramiento busca ser un aporte a la investigación educativa y generar nuevas maneras de optimizar el proceso enseñanza- aprendizaje debido a la gran diversidad de estudiantes de las aulas del siglo XXI

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially