Electrochemical recovery of lithium-ion battery materials from molten salts by microstructural characterization using X-ray imaging

Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) guarantees the conservation of important metal resources by reducing demands on raw supply and offsetting the energy and environmental costs associated with its manufacture. Employing a molten salt as a solvent for extraction affords a much greener and simpler route to metal recovery by electrochemical means. The current mechanistic understanding of the electrochemical recovery of metals in molten salts needs to be improved for the process to be optimized. X-ray computed tomography offers a non-destructive approach for 3D microstructure visualization and subsequent quantification. Here, we study the electrochemical deposition of recovered cobalt metal from lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO2 in LiCl-KCl eutectic (LKE). This diagnostic approach has been applied to LiCoO2-LKE samples before and after electrolysis at 450°C, yielding key insights into the morphological evolution of product formation

Electrochemical processing in molten salts – a nuclear perspective

Nuclear power provides a sustainable, long-term energy source that is an important technology in efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions. However, issues related to construction, safety, risk of proliferation, poor public perception and the perpetual issue of end-of-life waste management remain of serious concern. A large body of work has employed molten salt-based electrochemical techniques as practical and viable methods to reprocess spent nuclear fuel and nuclear materials, in addition to producing refractory metals of broader technological relevance. This review summarises the essential aspects of the design of electrochemical reactors for electroreduction, -winning and -refining technologies. Specifically, a critique of materials choice in relation to temperature is presented alongside the effects of different metal oxide feed precursors and molten salt selection. A thorough discourse is provided on each of the actinides (Am, Cm, Np, Pu, Th and U) and lanthanides (Eu) with an evaluation of the performance of several precursor cell types and designs. The type of feed precursor, metal oxide-to-salt ratio and oxide ion concentration are factors that must be considered with regards to current efficiency and are critical to the scaling of current laboratory technologies to pilot-scale. However, a challenge remains in this transition due to potential irradiation hazards of materials under a neutron flux. There is still a need to understand the mechanism by which different radioisotopes are formed and their interaction with metallic compounds in molten salts, yet data in this area is scarce and further work is needed

Software Citation Checklist for Developers

This document provides a minimal, generic checklist that developers of software (either open or closed source) used in research can use to ensure they are following good practice around software citation. This will help developers get credit for the software they create, and improve transparency, reproducibility, and reuse

Software Citation Checklist for Developers

This document provides a minimal, generic checklist that developers of software (either open or closed source) used in research can use to ensure they are following good practice around software citation. This will help developers get credit for the software they create, and improve transparency, reproducibility, and reuse