Respon Inflamasi Pada Perokok Pasif Di Kecamatan Pahandut Kota Palangka Raya Ditinjau Dari Jumlah Leukosit Dan Jenis Leukosit

Proporsi perokok pasif di Indonesia mencapai 40,5 persen dan 78,4 persen perokok pasif banyak terpapar asap rokok di dalam rumah.Setiap hembusan asap rokok mengandung 1015 radikal bebas oksidatif dan nikotinpenyebab leukositosis di dalam darah sebagai bentuk respon inflamasi.Jenis leukosit penunjuk inflamasi akibat asap rokok diawali neutrofilia, neutropenia, limfositosis, limfopenia dan monositosis sebagai bentuk respon inflamasi. Analisis deskriptif dengan rancangan cross sectional digunakan untuk memberikan gambaran respon inflamasi ditinjau dari jumlah leukosit dan jenis leukosit pada perokok pasif yang tinggal di kecamatan Pahandut kota Palangka Raya. Sampel yang diperoleh sebanyak 30 orang diambil dengan teknik Purposive Sampling dimulai dengan observasi, pembagian lembar inform consent, wawancara, pengisian kuesioner, pengambilan sampel darah dan pemeriksaan laboratorium menggunakan hematology analyzer dan apusan darah tepi. Data yang diperoleh dimuat dalam bentuk tabel dan dianalisis dan dideskripsikan dalam bentuk persentase (%). Pada 5 orang (17%) terjadi leukositosis, 2 orang (6%) neutropenia, 1 orang (3%) neutrofilia, 1 orang (3%) limfopenia, dan 6 orang (20%) limfositosis. Leukositosis menunjukkan penanda adanya perubahan imun sistemik, dimana selanjutnya terjadi rekrutmen sel inflamasi diantaranya neutrofil dan limfosit. Radikal bebas dan nikotin memicu inflamasi ditandai dengan neutrofilia dengan limfopenia relatif pada awal inflamasi dan selanjutnya berkembang menjadi limfositosis dengan neutropenia relatif. Proportion of passive smokers in Indonesia reached 40,5% and 78,4% of them were exposure of cigarette smoke in the house. Each puff of cigarette smoke contains 1015 of oxidative free radicals and nicotine that causes leukocytosis in the blood where it found as an inflammatory response. Either free radicals or nicotine can also cause of neutrophilia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, lymphopenia, and monocytosis. This study aimed to overview of the inflammatory response in terms of white blood cell count and differential counting of leukocytes in passive smokers (housewives) who live in the district of Pahandut, Palangka Raya. Descriptive analysis with cross sectional design was used in this study. Samples obtained by 30 people were taken with Purposive Sampling technique. Procedure of collecting data starts from observation, distribution of informed consent, interview, answered of questionnaire, blood sampling and laboratory examination using hematology analyzer for measured of white blood cell count and peripheral blood smear for measured of differential counting of leukocytes. The data obtained were analyzed and described in percentage (%). This study found 5 people (17%) of leukocytosis, 2 people (6%) of neutropenia, 1 person (3%) of neutrophilia, 1 person (3%) of lymphopenia, and 6 people (20%) of lymphocytosis. Leukocytosis occurs because of the mechanism of leukocytes recruitment into inflammatory tissues and the types of leukocyte that increased are neutrophils and lymphocytes. Free radicals and nicotine play a major role in triggering inflammation. Acute inflammation cause of exposure of cigarette smoke characterized by neutrophilia and relative lymphopenia in the blood and it will be develop into chronic inflammation that characterized by lymphocytosis and relative neutropenia

Trombositosis: Faktor Risiko Peningkatan Aterosklerosis pada Perokok Pasif di Kecamatan Pahandut Kota Palangka Raya

Passive smokers that exposure to cigarette smoke in their house has been reached 78,4%. Inhaled of cigarette smoke in the room was more dangerous than in an open place. Every puff of cigarette smoke from active smoker contains 1015 of free radicals which can cause oxidative stress. The presence of free radicals will trigger of activation of inflammatory genes, and then they can be activated of endothelial cells, dysfunction, and injury. Oxidative stress also stimulates large production of platelet (thrombogenesis) and followed by excessive formation of fibrin and thrombin. So that can cause thrombus in endothelial tissue, and it subsequently develops into atherosclerosis. This study aimed to describe thrombocytosis as a risk factor for increased of atherosclerosis in passive smokers in Kecamatan Pahandut, Kota Palangka Raya. This study used a descriptive observational method with a cross-sectional design. The sample obtained by 45 people with purposive sampling technique with criteria such as respondents were passive smokers, housewives, exposed to cigarette smoke more than five years, no history of the disease, and willing to become respondents. Examination of platelet counts was analyzed by an automatic method using Hematology Analyzer. The results showed that 6.7% of passive smokers had high platelet counts (thrombocytosis). High platelet counts in 6.7% of passive smokers caused by exposure of cigarette smoke from active smokers can endanger passive smoking, especially the risk of atherosclerosis. Therefore, a preventive and educative method for both passive and active smokers are needed to prevent the dangers of cigarette smoke to the risk of atherosclerosi

Trombositosis: Faktor Risiko Peningkatan Penyempitan Pembuluh Darah pada Petani, Buruh dan Penambak Ikan yang Merupakan Perokok Aktif di Kelurahan Tanjung Pinang Kota Palangka Raya

Active smokers are people who are smoking continuously. The population of active smokers in Central Kalimantan was 26,5% in 2013. The farmer, fish farmer, and laborer had a large proportion (44.5%) as an active smoker than another job that reported according to types of jobs. Cigarettes contain many toxic and addictive chemicals. Majority of active smokers that was living in Kelurahan Tanjung Pinang Kota Palangka Raya, especially who live in Jl. Bengaris works as a farmer, fish farmer, or laborer. Active smokers have a high risk of suffering from heart disease. Cigarette compound that harmful can cause endothelial tissue dysfunction in heart blood vessels and following by thrombus formation that due to increased platelet counts and platelet aggregation. This study aimed to describe of platelet count in active smokers in Jl. Bengaris Kelurahan Tanjung Pinang, Palangka Raya. The descriptive observational method was used in this study. The sample obtained by 48 people with purposive sampling technique with criteria such as active smokers, men, working as farmers, fish farmers, or laborers, no history of the disease, and willing to be respondent. Examination of platelet count was done by hematology analyzer. The average of respondents aged 20-30 years (35.4%) and 31-40 years (31.2%), worked as farmers (43.7%) and laborers (41.7%), duration of smoking were 1-10 year (37.5%), consumption of smoking was 11-20 cigarettes / day (41.7%), and rest periods were > 6 hours / day (64.6%). There was one person of the active smoker with a high platelet count (2.1%) and normal platelet count of 47 people (97.9%)

Peningkatan Pengetahuan tentang Pencegahan Infeksi dan Penyebaran Penularan COVID-19 di Panti Asuhan/LKSA Darul Tazkiyah Kota Palangka Raya

COVID-19 infection regardless of age. It can infect children, adults, and older adults. Children and older adults are high-risk groups of infection. An orphanage where many children live in one place with a high risk of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Education about prevention of infection and the spread of COVID-19 transmission at Darul Tazkiyah orphanage Palangka Raya was needed. The implementation methods included a pre-test, education about COVID-19, post-test, and submission of calendars containing information on prevention of COVID-19, posters, betel leaf extract hand sanitizers and health protocols banners. A total of 46 orphanage children became respondents. The paired sample t-test showed that p-value (0.000) <0.05. It meant there was a difference between pre-test and post-test results, which meant there was an increasing children's knowledge about prevention of infection and the spread of COVID-19 transmission at Darul Tazkiyah Orphanage, Palangka Raya. Based on the results of the service activities carried out, it showed that providing education can increase children's knowledge about how efforts to prevent transmission of COVID-19, so it is hoped that this increased knowledge can minimize transmission of COVID-19 and help government programs to reduce positive cases of COVID-19 in Palangka Raya in particular

Perbedaan Hasil Pemeriksaan Hemoglobin dengan Point of Care Testing (POCT) pada Sampel Darah Vena dan Kapiler

On examination of hemoglobin with POCT generally use capillary blood. The use of capillary blood as a test sample has a deficiency, namely the possibility of dilution in capillary blood samples caused by a deep puncture so that the blood that comes out is not smooth and usually the fingers will be pressed or sequenced. This condition can cause blood dilution by tissue fluid, so the test results will tend to be low. The purpose of this study was to find out the difference in hemoglobin results with POCT in venous and capillary blood samples. This study uses descriptive analytical methods that aim to describe or describe a situation objectively, and then describe it. The results showed the average hemoglobin level in the venous blood sample was 13.2 g/dl. While in capillary blood samples 12.9 g / dl. The results of the independent t-test obtained a significance value of 0.224 (p > 0.05) so it can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the results of hemoglobin levels examination using venous blood samples and capillary blood samples

Pengaruh Variasi Waktu Inkubasi terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin Menggunakan Metode Sahli

Several clinical laboratory and community health centers in Palangka Raya still use a simple method to determine hemoglobin levels with Sahli method. There are mamy differences in procedures related to incubation time in Sahli method of hemoglobin examination. There are those who don’t use incubation, incubation for 3 minutes or incubation for 5 minutes. This study aimed to determine the effect of icubation time on hemoglobin levels using the Sahli method. This study was experimental study, where hemoglobin levels are measured by Sahli method with incubation time variations of 0 minutes, 3 minutes, 5 minutes, 8 minutes, and 10 minutes. A total of 21 blood samples were obtained by purposive sampling technique. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the One Way ANNOVA test. The results showed there are significant effect of incubation time (0 minutes, 3 minutes, 5 minutes, 8 minutes and 10 minutes) on hemoglobin levels using Sahli method (p = 0.00). Increased hemoglobin levels occur with increasing incubation time. Where the lowest value of the average hemoglobin level at the measurement of 0 minutes was 10.9 g / dl and the highest value on the measurement of 10 minutes was 14.2 g / dl. It is important to laboratory personnel to incubate blood according to the procedures established by the Sahli method, because errors in the analytical stage contribute 25% to the causes of errors in laboratory result

Efek Merokok Berat terhadap Jumlah Leukosit dan Jenis Leukosit pada Pria Usia Produktif di Kelurahan Tanjung Pinang Kota Palangka Raya

Prevalence of productive men smokers in Kalimantan Tengah in 2013 has been reached 64.9% with a mean of smoking about 12.3 cigarettes a day. Cigarette smoke contains 1015 of oxidative free radicals which can cause oxidative stress. It will trigger of activation of inflammatory genes and increase of cytokines release by increasing of leukocytes and activate some of the differential leukocytes. Continual inflammation can cause atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. This study aimed to determine the effects of heavy smoking on white blood cell count and differential leukocyte count in productive men in Kelurahan Tanjung Pinang, Palangka Raya. This study used a descriptive observational method with a cross-sectional design. The sample obtained by 28 people with purposive sampling technique with criteria: men, active smoker, smoking more than ten years, working as a farmer, fish farmer, or laborer, and willing to become a respondent. White blood cell count and differential leukocyte count were analyzed by an automatic method using Hematology Analyzer. The results showed that 3.6% of active smokers had high white blood cell count and others had low white blood cell count (3.6% ). Whereas differential leukocyte count showed that 2 persons had high of eosinophils (7.10%), 5 people had low of eosinophils (17.9%), one person had little of neutrophils (3.6%), 2 persons had high of lymphocytes (7.20%), 10 people had little of lymphocytes (35.7%), and 15 people had high of monocytes (53.6%). To reduce the risks, preventive and educative actions from medical personnel are needed for active smokers and their families

Pengaruh Perubahan Ritme Sirkadian terhadap Marker Inflamasi pada Pedagang Pasar Subuh di Kota Palangka Raya

Dawn market traders in Pasar Seram Palangka Raya City with sleep deprivation and alteration of sleep pattern has the potential risk of circadian rhythm disruption. Circadian rhythm disruption is the beginning of various chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease. One of the inflammation markers that can be used to assess the onset of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease is the platelet profile (platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit (PCT)). This study aimed to describe the effect of circadian rhythm disruption of inflammation marker as a platelet profile in dawn market traders in Pasar Seram Palangka Raya City. The descriptive observational method with a cross-sectional design was used in this study. Samples obtained as many as 100 people using purposive sampling technique. The examination of the platelet profile was done by an automated method using a hematology analyzer. The results showed, there was 6% with high platelet count and it only in women. Whereas for platelet indices in men, there was 6% with high MPV, 74% with high PCT, and 10% with low PCT. In women, there was 84% with high PCT and 6% with low PCT (6%). The result showed there were inflammation and accumulation of platelets as a result of circadian rhythm disruption in dawn market traders

Morfologi Eosinofil Pada Apusan Darah Tepi Menggunakan Pewarnaan Giemsa, Wright, dan Kombinasi Wright-Giemsa

Pemeriksaan apusan darah tepi mampu menilai morfologi sel (eritrosit, leukosit, trombosit), menentukan jumlah dan jenis leukosit, mengestimasi jumlah trombosit dan mengidentifikasi adanya parasit. Pewarnaan Romanowsky adalah pewarnaan yang sering digunakan dan di Indonesia untuk mewarnai preparat apusan darah tepi digunakan pewarnaan Giemsa dan terkadang Wright atau kombinasi Wright-Giemsa. Dalam menilai kualitas apusan darah tepi digunakan penilaian terhadap morfologi eosinofil, karena eosinofil memiliki ciri yang khas, jumlahnya cukup banyak dan mudah diamati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan morfologi eosinofil pada apusan darah tepi dengan menggunakan pewarnaan Giemsa, Wright, dan kombinasi Wright-Giemsa. Dilakukan penelitian deskritif kualitatif dengan rancangan penelitian seran lintang (cross sectional study) pada 30 sampel yang diambil dengan teknik Simple Random Sampling. Sampel darah diwarnai dengan Giemsa, Wright, dan kombinasi Wright-Giemsa. Gambaran morfologi eosinofil dengan pewarnaan Giemsa menunjukkan inti sel berwarna biru keunguan dan granula tampak cukup jelas terlihat berwarna merah muda, dan apusan lebih tahan lama setelah disimpan. Pada pewarnaan Wright menunjukan inti sel dan granula tampak lebih jelas terlihat kemerahan dengan warna yang lebih menonjol dibandingkan dengan pewarnaan Giemsa namun kekurangan pewarna Wright yaitu tidak tahan lama dalam iklim tropis. Pada apusan dengan pewarnaan kombinasi Wright-Giemsa terdapat kelebihan dari setiap zat warna dimana granula, plasma dan inti lebih jelas terlihat dan pewarnaan lebih tahan lama disimpan. Namun, perlu diperhatikan juga tujuan dari pembuatan preparat apusan darah tepi, karena apabila ingin menentukan ada/tidaknya parasit akan lebih baik menggunakan pewarnaan Giemsa, sedangkan apabila ingin melihat morfologi basofil akan lebih baik menggunakan pewarnaan Wright.Kata Kunci: Eosinofil, Apusan Darah Tepi, Giemsa, Wright, Kombinasi Wright-Giemsa

Profil Kadar Hemoglobin dan Indeks Eritrosit pada Perokok Aktif di Kelurahan Tanjung Pinang Kota Palangka Raya

Active smokers are people who are smoking continuously. The population of active smokers in Central Kalimantan was 26,5% in 2013. Cigarettes contain many toxic and addictive chemicals. The presence of tar and free radicals from cigarette smoke can cause erythrocyte hemolysis. In addition, the content of cigarette smoke can also cause an increase in hemoglobin levels that mediated by exposure to Carbon monoxide (CO). CO binds avidly to hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO). This study aims to give a description of hemoglobin level and erythrocyte indices in active smokers in Kelurahan Tanjung Pinang, Palangka Raya. The descriptive observational method with the cross-sectional design was used in this study. The sample obtained by 28 people with purposive sampling technique with criteria such as active smokers, men, working as farmers, laborers or fish farmers and not alcoholic. Examination of hemoglobin level and erythrocytes indices was done by a hematology analyzer. The result showed that 4 people (14,2%) had low hemoglobin level and 4 people (85,7%) was normal. Based on erythrocytes indices, 2 people (7,1%) with hypochromic microcytic anemia (low MCV, low MCH, and normal MCHC) and also low hemoglobin level. While 26 people (92,8%) had normal erythrocyte indices