Getting the word out on Twitter: the role of influentials, information brokers and strong ties in building word-of-mouth for brands

Using a sample of over 5300 tweets from top global brands, this study investigated how different types of users can influence brand content diffusion via retweets. Twitter users who influenced followers to retweet brand content were categorized as (1) influentials, because of their above average ability to influence others to retweet their tweets (in general), (2) information brokers, because of their position connecting groups of users or (3) having strong ties, because of their high percentage of friends in common and a mutual friend–follower relationship with the influenced follower. The results indicate that influentials and information brokers are associated with larger number of retweets for brand content. In addition, although information brokers have a larger overall influence on retweeting, they are more prone to do so when influentials are mentioned in the brand tweet, providing support for the strategy that aims to associate the brand with influential users

Phonon self-energy corrections to non-zero wavevector phonon modes in single-layer graphene

Phonon self-energy corrections have mostly been studied theoretically and experimentally for phonon modes with zone-center (q = 0) wave-vectors. Here, gate-modulated Raman scattering is used to study phonons of a single layer of graphene (1LG) in the frequency range from 2350 to 2750 cm-1, which shows the G* and the G'-band features originating from a double-resonant Raman process with q \not= 0. The observed phonon renormalization effects are different from what is observed for the zone-center q = 0 case. To explain our experimental findings, we explored the phonon self-energy for the phonons with non-zero wave-vectors (q \not= 0) in 1LG in which the frequencies and decay widths are expected to behave oppositely to the behavior observed in the corresponding zone-center q = 0 processes. Within this framework, we resolve the identification of the phonon modes contributing to the G* Raman feature at 2450 cm-1 to include the iTO+LA combination modes with q \not= 0 and the 2iTO overtone modes with q = 0, showing both to be associated with wave-vectors near the high symmetry point K in the Brillouin zone

Influência de fatores fisiológicos de plantas-matrizes e de épocas do ano no pegamento de diferentes métodos de enxertia do umbuzeiro.

Com o objetivo de verificar a influência de fatores fisiológicos das plantas-matrizes de umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda.), as épocas de realização e os métodos de enxertia, sobre o pegamento de enxertos desta espécie, foram conduzidos cinco experimentos sob condições de viveiro, na Embrapa Semi-Árido, em Petrolina-PE. Os experimentos foram instalados nos meses de janeiro, março, maio, julho e setembro de 1998. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com três tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos foram: garfagem em fenda cheia e à inglesa simples e borbulhia em "T" invertido. Os garfos foram colhidos de acordo com o ciclo fenológico das plantas-matrizes, correspondendo às fases de crescimento vegetativo, reprodutivo e de dormência, quando então se realizaram as avaliações dos fatores fisiológicos. Os fatores fisiológicos (fotossíntese, potencial hídrico e condutância estomática), observados na planta-matriz, nas diferentes fases fenológicas, não influenciaram o índice de pegamento dos diferentes métodos de enxertia. Os métodos de enxertia por garfagem em fenda cheia e à inglesa simples apresentaram maiores índices médio de pegamento, de 97,1 e 92,4%, respectivamente. O material vegetativo (garfos) colhido nas diferentes fases fenológicas de planta-matriz não afetou o índice de pegamento do processo da enxertia, o que amplia a oferta de mudas ao longo do ano devido à oferta de material propagativo

Group Theory analysis of phonons in two-dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have emerged as a new two dimensional materials field since the monolayer and few-layer limits show different properties when compared to each other and to their respective bulk materials. For example, in some cases when the bulk material is exfoliated down to a monolayer, an indirect-to-direct band gap in the visible range is observed. The number of layers $N$ ($N$ even or odd) drives changes in space group symmetry that are reflected in the optical properties. The understanding of the space group symmetry as a function of the number of layers is therefore important for the correct interpretation of the experimental data. Here we present a thorough group theory study of the symmetry aspects relevant to optical and spectroscopic analysis, for the most common polytypes of TMDCs, i.e. $2Ha$, $2Hc$ and $1T$, as a function of the number of layers. Real space symmetries, the group of the wave vectors, the relevance of inversion symmetry, irreducible representations of the vibrational modes, optical selection rules and Raman tensors are discussed.Comment: 32 pages, 4 figure

How much time do you spend online? Understanding and improving the accuracy of self-reported measures of internet use

Given the importance of survey measures of online media use for communication research, it is crucial to assess and improve their quality, in particular because the increasingly fragmented and ubiquitous usage of internet complicates the accuracy of self-reported measures. This study contributes to the discussion regarding the accuracy of self-reported internet use by presenting relevant factors potentially affecting biases of self-reports and testing survey design strategies to improve accuracy. Combining automatic tracking data and survey data from the same participants (N = 690) confirmed low levels of accuracy and tendencies of over-reporting. The analysis revealed biases due to a range of factors associated with the intensity of (actual) internet usage, propensity to multitask, day of reference, and the usage of mobile devices. An anchoring technique could not be proved to reduce inaccuracies of reporting behavior. Several recommendations for research practice follow from these findings