Turismo de riesgo por esquistosomiasis mansónica en Porto de Galinhas, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico e Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães. Laboratório de Esquistossomose. Recife, PE, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães. Laboratório de Esquistossomose. Recife, PE, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães. Laboratório de Esquistossomose. Recife, PE, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães. Laboratório de Esquistossomose. Recife, PE, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Aracaju, SE, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Geoprocessamento. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Apesar do balneário Porto de Galinhas – situado no Município de Ipojuca, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil – ser o destino turístico mais procurado no Estado, inúmeras pousadas vêm sendo construídas em áreas sem saneamento, onde proliferam criadouros e focos de Biomphalaria glabrata, o principal caramujo transmissor da esquistossomose mansoni. A localidade é considerada endêmica para esta doença e, na estação das chuvas, o risco de exposição aumenta, com ruas e quintais repletos de caramujos, o que promove a infecção sazonal da população que transita por aquele ambiente. O objetivo do estudo foi: (1) realizar mapeamento georreferenciado de hotéis, pousadas, criadouros e focos de caramujos vetores da esquistossomose na localidade Merepe III, pelo uso de GPS; (2) verificar a distância e a influência entre os criadouros, focos e os locais de hospedagem, por meio da construção de mapas de Kernel; e (3) definir o risco espacial para exposição ou contaminação dos turistas, pela construção de mapas temáticos Kernel, mostrando a sobreposição da expansão da lâmina d'água com caramujos vetores sobre os locais de hospedagem. A localidade Merepe III apresentou 37 locais de hospedagem, sete criadouros e um foco de B. glabrata. O mapa Kernel mostrou que 24,32%, 45,95% e 70,27% dos locais de hospedagem ficam dentro de um raio de 100, 200 e 300 m, respectivamente, do foco de transmissão dos vetores da esquistossomose. A lâmina d'água das chuvas, os criadouros e focos sobrepõem-se, mostrando a área de risco de exposição para os turistas que transitarem pelas ruas de Porto de Galinhas.Despite the Porto de Galinhas resort – located in the City of Ipojuca, Pernambuco State, Brazil – the most popular tourist destination in the State, many hotels have been built in areas without sanitation where proliferate breeding sites and foci of Biomphalaria glabrata, the main snail transmitter of schistosomiasis. The locality is considered endemic for this disease and in the rainy season, the risk of exposure increases with streets and gardens full of snails, which promotes seasonal infection of the population of that place. The aim of the current study was to (1) perform georeferenced mapping of hotels, inns, breeding sites and outbreaks of vector snails for schistosomiasis in Merepe III district, by the use of GPS; (2) check the distance and the influence of the breeding sites, foci and accommodation places by the construction of Kernel maps; and (3) define the spatial risk for exposure or contamination of tourists using thematic Kernel maps, showing the overlap of the expansion of water depth with vector snails on accommodation places. The Merepe III district showed 37 accommodation places, seven breeding sites and a focus of B. glabrata. The Kernel map showed that 24.32%, 45.95% and 70.27% of the accommodation places are within a distance of 100, 200 and 300 m, respectively from the focus of transmission of schistosomiasis vectors. The water depth of the rains, the breeding sites and foci overlap, showing the exposure risk area for tourists that walk around the streets of Porto de Galinhas

Elevated prevalence of high-risk HPV in healthy oral mucosa of users and nonusers of drugs in Northeastern Brazil

Abstract: Variable rates of HPV infection have been reported in healthy oral mucosa worldwide. The main objective of this study was to detect and genotype HPV infection in users and nonusers of drugs with clinically healthy mucosa from the Northeast Brazil. Samples from 105 patients were amplified using the primers MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+, and genotyping was performed by multiplex-PCR for HPV-6/11, 16 and 18. A total of 81.9% samples were positive. Among drug users, 84.5% presented the virus and 20.4% showed multiple infections. Among non-drug users, 78.7% were positive and 13.5% had multiple infections. Limited information is available on oral HPV in Brazilian population, especially for drug users, and our results showed higher HPV infection rates in both users and nonusers of drugs. More studies and researches focused on drug users including factors like sexual behavior, nutrition and cultural habits are necessary to enhance the comprehension of this relationship, and develop preventive strategies

The endemisation of schistosomiasis in Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco, Brazil, 10 years after the first epidemic outbreak

In 2000, after heavy rains and floods in Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco, Brazil, an outbreak of schistosomiasis was recorded, of which 62.2% (412 cases) were of the acute clinical form. Between 2001-2009, occasional findings of Biomphalaria snails parasitised by Schistosoma mansoni indicated that disease transmission was still occurring. This motivated a new epidemiological survey between August-December 2010 to provide an update of the occurrence of this health hazard and to investigate the process of disease endemisation at this locality. This survey gathered parasitological, clinical and malacological data. The results of this survey, compared with data from the year 2000 survey, showed the following: (i) over these 10 years, there were declines in the total percentage of cases and the percentage of acute forms, (ii) the acute clinical form now represents 23.3% in contrast with the 62.2% detected in 2000 and (iii) the current prevalence of schistosomiasis is 15.7%, while in 2000 32.1% of the individuals were diagnosed as parasitised. Today, the chronic clinical form represents 76.7% of the total number of cases diagnosed, thus showing that over the 10-year period the occurrences of clinical forms became inverted. These findings, together with visual observation of insalubrious environmental conditions, indicate that schistosomiasis has become endemic in Porto de Galinhas

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora