Ação ovicida do extrato bruto enzimático do fungo Pochonia chlamydosporia sobre ovos de Ancylostoma sp

Ancylostoma sp é um geo-helminto potencialmente zoonótico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a ação do extrato bruto enzimático de Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC4) sobre ovos de Ancylostoma sp, em meio ágar-água 2% e em cultura de fezes. Observou-se um percentual de redução na eclosão dos ovos de Ancylostoma sp, de 76,8% na placas de Petri do grupo tratado em relação ao grupo controle. O extrato bruto enzimático de Pochonia chlamydosporia foi eficiente na redução da eclosão dos ovos de Ancylostoma sp, podendo ser utilizado como controlador biológico desse nematoide.Ancylostoma sp is a potentially zoonotic geohelminth. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the action of crude enzyme extract of Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC4) on eggs of Ancylostoma sp in 2% water-agar and in fecal cultures. The percentage reduction in Ancylostoma sp egg eclosion was 76.8% in Petri dishes of the treated group compared to the control group. The crude enzyme extract of Pochonia chlamydosporia was effective at reducing Ancylostoma sp egg eclosion and can be used as biological control of this nematode

In vitro action of the fungi Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium thaumasium, Pochonia chlamydosporia (syn. Verticillium chlamydosporium) and Paecilomyces lilacinus on eggs capsules of Dipylidium caninum and eggs of Taenia saginata

Com o objetivo de avaliar a ação in vitro dos fungos nematófagos Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 e VC4), Paecilomyces lilacinus, Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) e Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34), sobre ovos de Taenia saginata e cápsulas ovígeras de Dipylidium caninum, foram utilizados cento e cinqüenta mil ovos de T. saginata (ensaio experimental 1) e cento e cinqüenta mil cápsulas ovígeras de D. caninum (ensaio experimental 2). Esses ovos foram vertidos em placas de Petri contendo os isolados fúngicos e sem fungo (controle), em meio ágar-água 2% (AA2%), onde cresceram por 10 dias, sendo feitas 25 repetições para cada grupo. Nos intervalos de cinco, 10 e 15 dias, cerca de cem ovos foram retirados de cada placa e colocados em lâminas de vidro com uma gota de azul de Amam 1%, para serem avaliados de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros: efeito do tipo 1: efeito fisiológico e bioquímico sem prejuízo morfológico à casca, onde são visualizadas as hifas aderidas à casca do ovo; efeito do tipo 2: efeito lítico com alteração morfológica da casca e embrião; e efeito do tipo 3: efeito lítico com alteração morfológica do embrião e da casca, além de penetração de hifas e colonização interna do ovo. No ensaio experimental 1, os isolados fúngicos P. chlamydosporia (VC1 e VC4) e P. lilacinus, apresentaram atividade ovicida para todos os efeitos dos tipos 1, 2 e 3 sobre ovos de T. saginata, enquanto os isolados fúngicos D. flagrans (AC001) e M. thaumasium (NF34), só apresentaram efeito do tipo 1. No ensaio experimental 2, os isolados fúngicos D. flagrans (AC001) e M. thaumasium (NF34), também só apresentaram efeito do tipo 1, para todos os intervalos analisados. Já os isolados fúngicos do fungo P. chlamydosporia (VC1 e VC4) e P. lilacinus, apresentaram efeitos do tipo 1, 2 e 3 nos intervalos de cinco, 10 e 15 dias. Ao final dos ensaios experimentais 1 e 2, ficou demonstrado que os isolados P. chlamydosporia (VC1 e VC4) e P. lilacinus, agiram de forma negativa sobre ovos de T. saginata e cápsulas ovígeras de D. caninum, e desta forma, podem ser considerados candidatos promissores no controle biológico desses helmintos.The in vitro action of the nematophagous fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4), Paecilomyces lilacinus, Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34), on eggs of Taenia saginata and capsules eggs of Dipylidium caninum was evaluated. A hundred fifty thousand eggs of T. saginata (experimental assay 1) and a hundred fifty thousand eggs capsules of D. caninum (experimental assay 2) were used. These eggs were maintained in plates of Petri containing the isolated fungi and without fungi (controls), in medium water-agar 2% (AA2%), where they grew for 10 days, being made 25 repetitions for each group. In of five, 10 and 15 days, about a hundred eggs were removed of each plate and placed in glass sheets with a drop of Amam blue 1%, and evaluated in agreement with the following parameters: type 1, physiologic and biochemical effect without morphological damage to the eggshell, with hyphae adhered to the eggshell; type 2, lytic effect with morphological change of the embryo and eggshell, without hyphal penetration through eggshell; and type 3, lytic effect with morphological change of the embryo and eggshell, besides hyphal penetration and internal egg colonization. In the experimental assay 1, the isolated fungi P. chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) and P. lilacinus presented ovicidal activity for the effects of the types 1, 2 and 3 on eggs of T. saginata, while the isolated fungi D. flagrans (AC001) and M. thaumasium (NF34) only presented effect of the type 1. In the experimental assay 2, the isolated fungi D. flagrans (AC001) and M. thaumasium (NF34) only presented effect of the type 1 for all the analyzed intervals. The isolated fungi of the P. chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) and P. lilacinus, presented effects of the type 1, 2 and 3 in the intervals of five, 10 and 15 days. At the end of the experiments 1 and 2, was demonstrated that the isolated P. chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4) and P. lilacinus acted in a negative effect on eggs of T. saginata and capsules eggs of D. caninum, and the effect can be considered promising candidates in the biological control of those helminths

Evaluation of nematophagous fungi on infective larvae of the Strongyloides westeri and Toxocara canis eggs

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação de três isolados de fungos predadores Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34) e Arthrobotrys robusta (I-31) em teste in vitro quanto à capacidade de predar larvas infectantes (L3) de Strongyloides westeri e, avaliar três concentrações de clamidósporos (1.000, 10.000 e 100.000) do fungo ovicida Pochonia chlamydosporia (isolados VC1 e VC4) na destruição de ovos de Toxocara canis. Em relação aos fungos predadores, quando comparado ao grupo controle, pode-se observar que houve uma redução significativa (P0,01) no teste in vitro. No teste da avaliação ovicida com o fungo P. chlamydosporia sobre ovos de T. canis, cada placa de Petri continha mil ovos de T. canis com apenas uma das concentrações de clamidósporos de VC1 ou de VC4, em ágar-água 2% (AA 2%) e, mil ovos em AA 2% nos grupos controle. No intervalo de 15 dias, cem ovos foram retirados de cada placa de Petri e a atividade ovicida foi avaliada quanto as alterações morfológicas. A maior destruição dos ovos (efeito do tipo 3) foi observada na concentração de 100.000 clamidósporos para ambos os isolados. Após avaliação in vitro, os fungos predadores e ovicida, foram avaliados in vivo, quanto à sua capacidade de suportar a passagem pelo trato gastrintestinal de eqüídeos (AC001 e NF34) e predar L3 de S. westeri, e pelo trato gastrintestinal cães (VC4) quanto sua ação ovicida sobre ovos de T. canis. Os fungos predadores sobreviveram à passagem pelo trato gastrintestinal dos eqüídeos e foram eficientes em predar as L3 de S. westeri desde a primeira coleta (12h) (P0.01) when tested in vitro. In the test of ovicidal evaluation with the fungus P. chlamydosporia on eggs of T. canis, each Petri dish contained thousand eggs of T. canis with only one concentration of chlamydospores of VC1 or VC4 in water-agar 2% (WA 2%), and only one thousand eggs in WA 2% in the control groups. Within 15 days, one hundred eggs were removed from each Petri dish and the ovicidal effect was evaluated according to morphological alterations. The higher percentage to effect of the type 3 was observed in concentration of 100,000 chlamydospores to both isolates. After in vitro evaluation, predatory and ovicidal fungi were evaluated in vivo regarding their capacity to withstand the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of horses (Duddingtonia flagrans and Monacrosporium thaumasium) on S. westeri and dogs (Pochonia chlamydosporia) on T. canis eggs. The predatory fungi survived the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of horses and were efficient in preying upon the L3 since the first collection (12h) (P <0.01) compared to control (without fungi). The ovicidal fungus also survived the passage through the gastrointestinal tract of dogs keeping its ovicidal activity on T. canis eggs. These results demonstrated that the fungi D. flagrans and M. thaumasium were promising to be used for biological control of S. westeri as well as from the results obtained suggest that the fungus P chlamydosporia (VC4) could be used as a tool for biological control of T. canis eggs.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

In vitro predatory activity of nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans on infective larvae of Oesophagostomum spp. after passing through gastrointestinal tract of pigs

One isolate of predator fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) was assessed in vitro regarding the capacity of supporting the passage through pigs' gastrointestinal tract without loss of the ability of preying infective larvae Oesophagostomum spp. Fungal isolates survived the passage and were efficient in preying L3 since the first 8 h of collection (p < 0.01) in relation to the control group (without fungus). Compared with control, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.01) of 59.6% (8 h), 71.7% (12 h), 76.8% (24 h), 81.0% (36 h), 78.0% (48 h), 76.1% (72 h), and 82.7% (96 h) in means of infective larvae Oesophagostomum spp. recovered from treatments with isolate AC001. Linear regression coefficients of L3 of recovered Oesophagostomum spp. regarding the collections due to time were −0.621 for control, −1.40 for AC001, and −2.64 for NF34. Fungi D. flagrans (AC001) had demonstrated to be promising for use in the biological control of pig parasite Oesophagostomum spp

Efeito do fungo Paecilomyces lilacinus sobre ovos de Taenia saginata

Com o objetivo de demonstrar a eficácia do fungo Paecilomyces lilacinus sobre ovos de Taenia saginata em condições laboratoriais, foi montado ensaio em placas de Petri com agar - água 2%. Houve atividade ovicida (p<0,05) em relação ao grupo controle no décimo dia de interação e colonização interna dos ovos de 25,5%

Activity of the nematophagous fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia, Duddingtonia flagrans and Monacrosporium thaumasium on egg capsules of Dipylidium caninum

Nematophagous fungi are potential biological control agents of helminths. The in vitro ovicidal effect of four isolates of the nematophagous fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia (VC1 and VC4), Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34) was evaluated on egg capsules of Dipylidium caninum, a cestode parasite of dogs, cats and humans. One thousand egg capsules of D. caninum were plated on 2% water-agar with the grown isolates and control without fungus. The ovicidal activity of these fungi was evaluated 5, 10 and 15 days after incubation. Only P. chlamydosporia showed ovicidal activity (p < 0.05) on D. caninum egg capsules, of 19.6% (VC1) and 20% (VC4) on the 5th day; 44.2% (VC1) and 31.5% (VC4) on the 10th day; and 49.2% (VC1) and 41.9% (VC4) on the 15th day. D. flagrans and M. thaumasium caused no morphological damage to egg capsules. The results demonstrated that P. chlamydosporia was in vitro effective against capsules and eggs of D. caninum, and can be considered as a potential biological control agent for this helminth