Colheita e transporte florestal em propriedades rurais fomentadas no estado do Espírito Santo Forest crop and wood transportation in formented farms in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com informações obtidasde 71 proprietários rurais fomentados do Estado do Espírito Santo, responsáveis por 92 contratos de fomento florestal, distribuídos em cinco regiões capixabas, conforme o depósito da empresa fomentadora para a entrega de madeira. O objetivo foi levantar os métodos e equipamentos empregados na colheita e transporte florestal nessas propriedades rurais fomentadas. A área fomentada por contrato variou entre 1,5 e 100,0 ha, sendo de até 30 ha em 84,8% deles e com relevo montanhoso em 59,8%. A colheita e o transporte florestais foram terceirizados em 68,5 e 78,2% dos contratos, respectivamente, e realizados por conta dos proprietários nos demais. Foi constatado que os métodos e equipamentos utilizados na colheita florestal não foram os mesmos nas regiões dos cinco depósitos de entrega de madeira, sendo constatadas, também, diferenças entre os subsistemas utilizados na colheita florestal terceirizada e própria.<br>This research was developed with information obtained from 71 fomented farm owners of the Espírito Santo State, Brazil, who were responsible for 92 forest contracts, distributed in five areas of the State, according to the deposit of the fomenter company for wood delivery. The objective was to identify the methods and equipment used in the forest crop and wood transportation in these farms. The area fomented per contract had 1.5 to 100,0 hectares, 84,8% with up to 30 hectares and 59,8% with mountain relief. Forest crop and the wood transportation were outsourced in 68,5% and 78,2% of the contracts respectively and were carried out by the farm owners in the remaining contracts. It was verified that the methods and equipment used in the forest crop were not the same in the areas of the five deposits of wood delivery, being also verified differences among the subsystems used by the outsourced contractors and the farm owners

Distribution of 131I-labeled Bothrops erythromelas venom in mice

Bothrops erythromelas is responsible for many snake bites in northeastern Brazil. In the present study we determined the in vivo distribution of the venom following its subcutaneous injection into mice. B. erythromelas venom and albumin were labeled individually with 131I by the chloramine T method, and separated in a Sephacryl® S-200 column. The efficiency of labeling was 68%. Male Swiss mice (40-45 g), which had been provided with drinking water containing 0.05% KI over a period of 10 days prior to the experiment, were inoculated dorsally (sc) with 0.3 ml (2.35 x 105 cpm/mouse) of 131I-venom (N = 42), 131I-albumin or 131I (controls, N = 28 each). Thirty minutes and 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after inoculation, the animals were perfused with 0.85% NaCl and skin and various organs were collected in order to determine radioactivity content. There was a high rate of venom absorption in the skin (51%) within the first 30 min compared to albumin (20.1%) and free iodine (8.2%). Up to the third hour after injection there was a tendency for venom and albumin to concentrate in the stomach (3rd h), small intestine (3rd h) and large intestine (6th h). Both control groups had more radioactivity in the digestive tract, especially in the stomach, but these levels decreased essentially to baseline by 12-18 h postinjection. In the kidneys, the distribution profiles of venom, albumin and iodine were similar. Counts at 30 min postinjection were low in all three groups (1.37, 1.86 and 0.77, respectively), and diminished to essentially 0% by 12-18 h. Albumin tended to concentrate in muscle until the 3rd h postinjection (1.98%). There was a low binding of labeled venom in the liver (<0.54%), thyroid (<0.11%) and lungs (<0.08%), and no iodinated venom was detected in brain, heart, diaphragm, spleen or bladder. The low venom binding observed in most internal organs, comparable to that of albumin, suggests that B. erythromelas venom does not specifically target most internal organs. That is, the systemic effects of envenomation are mainly due to an indirect actio