Intercropping of corn, brachiaria grass and leguminous plants: productivity, quality and composition of silages

Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)The present study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the productive and qualitative characteristics of forages produced in systems of intercropping of corn, brachiaria grass and different leguminous plants. Productivity, bromatological composition and the fermentative profile of the silages from the following treatments were evaluated: corn in exclusive cultivation (CEC); intercropping of corn with brachiaria grass (CB); intercropping of corn, brachiaria grass and Calopogonium mucunoides (CBCal); intercropping of corn, brachiaria grass and Macrotyloma axillare (CBMac); and intercropping of corn, brachiaria grass and Stylozanthes capitata (CBSty). The experimental design utilized was completely randomized. For each type of cultivation, five plots or replications of three linear meters were harvested, and the material was separated. The variables assessed were: dry matter productivity per area; dry matter productivity of corn per area; crude protein production per area and productivity of total digestible nutrients per area. The material originated from the cultures was ensiled, with dry matter between 28 and 32%. After, the material was placed and compacted appropriately in bucket silos. A sample was collected from each replication for determination of the contents of DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), lignin, neutral and acid detergent fibers (NDF and ADF) and TDN. A fraction of the sample of silages from each treatment was compressed for extraction of the juice and determination of the silage quality. There was difference between the forms of cultivation for the dry matter production per hectare. The CEC with production of 11920.1 kg DM/ha did not differ from CB (8997.41 kg DM/ha) or CBCal (10452.10 kg DM/ha); however, it was superior to CBMac (8429.75 kg DM/ha) and to CBSty (8164.83 kg DM/ha). The contents of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, lignin and TDN did not differ between the silages from the different treatments. All the silages presented good quality with good fermentation patterns

Update on the approach to smoking in patients with respiratory diseases.

Smoking is the leading cause of respiratory disease (RD). The harmful effects of smoking on the respiratory system begin in utero and influence immune responses throughout childhood and adult life. In comparison with ?healthy? smokers, smokers with RD have peculiarities that can impede smoking cessation, such as a higher level of nicotine dependence; nicotine withdrawal; higher levels of exhaled carbon monoxide; low motivation and low self-efficacy; greater concern about weight gain; and a high prevalence of anxiety and depression. In addition, they require more intensive, prolonged treatment. It is always necessary to educate such individuals about the fact that quitting smoking is the only measure that will reduce the progression of RD and improve their quality of life, regardless of the duration and severity of the disease. Physicians should always offer smoking cessation treatment. Outpatient or inpatient smoking cessation treatment should be multidisciplinary, based on behavioral interventions and pharmacotherapy. It will thus be more effective and cost-effective, doubling the chances of success

Liga??es de apoio de pilares em perfil tubular.

O aumento do uso de se??es tubulares em estruturas met?licas tem destacado a necessidade de m?todos que racionalizem as liga??es de barras tubulares, inclusive a liga??o de pilares de a?o e pilares mistos de a?o e concreto ? funda??o de concreto armado, submetida a a??es est?ticas. De maneira geral, essa liga??o est? sujeita a for?a axial, de compress?o ou tra??o, a momento fletor e for?a cortante que podem induzir os seguintes estados-limites ?ltimos: forma??o de charneira pl?stica na placa de base, ruptura por tra??o do chumbador, arrancamento do chumbador, esmagamento do concreto ou da argamassa expansiva de assentamento na regi?o de contato com a placa de base e deslizamento da liga??o, al?m da ruptura da solda de liga??o do pilar ? placa de base. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos estudos relativos ao dimensionamento de liga??es de placas de base circulares e retangulares de pilares em perfil tubular circular e retangular. Esses estudos, baseados em avalia??es te?ricas apresentadas em normas e literatura internacionais, conduziram ao comportamento e distribui??o simplificada de esfor?os solicitantes na liga??o, conforme apresentado no texto-base, considerando o equil?brio nos casos de solicita??o axial a compress?o e tra??o, separadamente. O caso C1 correspondente ? situa??o em que n?o h? momento fletor aplicado e a press?o de contato distribui-se uniformemente sob a placa de base; o caso C2, ? situa??o de pequena excentricidade, onde o equil?brio ? poss?vel sem a introdu??o de for?as de tra??o nos chumbadores; o caso C3, ? situa??o de grande excentricidade, onde ? necess?rio considerar for?as de tra??o nos chumbadores, para se manter o equil?brio. Similarmente, para solicita??o axial de tra??o tem-se: o caso T1 correspondente ? situa??o em que n?o h? momento fletor aplicado e a for?a axial de tra??o distribuise uniformemente entre os chumbadores; o caso T2, ? situa??o de pequena excentricidade, onde o equil?brio ? poss?vel sem que haja press?o de contato do concreto sob a placa de base; o caso T3, ? situa??o de grande excentricidade, onde ? necess?rio considerar a exist?ncia de press?o de contato, para que o equil?brio seja mantido. Para cada caso, s?o apresentadas express?es para a determina??o dos esfor?os resistentes de c?lculo correspondentes a cada estado-limite ?ltimo pertinente. S?o apresentadas ainda as disposi??es construtivas relativas aos chumbadores e ao bloco de apoio de concreto armado, necess?rias para que sejam v?lidas as hip?teses e prescri??es adotadas. Finalmente s?o apresentados exemplos de utiliza??o e uma compara??o entre ensaios experimentais realizados na Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto e os obtidos com a metodologia apresentada. Mostra-se que o m?todo adotado conduz a resultados suficientemente conservadores para serem utilizados em projeto