THIRD-PARTY DOCTRINE: GENERAL WARRANTS OF THE DIGITAL AGE

The Third-Party Doctrine came about in the late 1970’s in two Supreme Court rulings in United States v. Miller, and Smith v. Maryland. The doctrine states that if an individual voluntarily provides information to a third party, the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the government from accessing that information without a warrant from the third party. However, scholars studying the Third Party Doctrine have paid less attention to how the doctrine came into being, instead concentrating on the implications for jurisprudence. From a political science perspective, determining what allowed the Third-Party Doctrine to come into being is a vital question. In the past the Third-Party Doctrine might have been good law, but that time has since come to pass. It is time for Fourth Amendment law to join the 21st Century

Prevalence and Configuration of the Second Mesiobuccal Canal in the Permanent Maxillary First Molar in Jordanian Population Sample

Introduction: Missing a root canal during endodontic treatment implicates the persistence of microbial infection within the root canal system. This study aims to evaluate the incidence and morphology of the second mesiobuccal canal in the maxillary first molars in the Jordanian population. Methods and Materials: Consecutive cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans taken at Jordan University Hospital were assessed in this retrospective study. A total of 200 scans that were examined, 111 were included in this study. The scans that were included had to have a full view of the maxilla with at least one permanent maxillary first molar. The following data were collected: the presence of a second mesiobuccal canal, the configuration of the mesiobuccal canals, the status of the apical area and the mesiobuccal inter-orifice distance, if applicable. The prevalence and morphology of the second mesiobuccal canal was determined and its association with biological sex and right or left sidedness was measured using the Chi-Square test. Results: The prevalence of the second mesiobuccal canal in our sample of the Jordanian population was 87%, with the most common canal configuration being Vertucci type II. The average inter-orifice distance between first and second mesiobuccal canals was 1.9 ± 0.4 mm. Conclusion: This retrospective study is the first in Jordan to document the prevalence of the second mesiobuccal canal using CBCT, and it shows that the vast majority of teeth have a second mesiobuccal canal. The proper location and negotiation of this canal is of dire importance for endodontic therapy.&nbsp

Outcome of fetal ovarian cysts diagnosed on prenatal ultrasound examination: systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: To explore the outcome of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of fetal ovarian cysts. METHODS: Medline and Embase databases were searched. The following outcomes were explored: resolution of the cyst, change of ultrasound pattern, occurrence of ovarian torsion and intra-cystic haemorrhage, need for surgery, need for oophorectomy, detection rate of prenatal ultrasound in correctly identifying ovarian cysts, type of ovarian cyst at histopathological analysis and intra-uterine treatment. Meta-analyses using individual data random-effect logistic regression and meta-analyses of proportion were used to analyse the data. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies (954 fetuses) were included. 54.6% (95% CI 47.0-62.0) of the cysts regressed either during pregnancy or after birth. The likelihood of resolution was significantly lower in complex vs simple cysts (OR: 0.15, 95% CI 0.10-0.23) and in those ≥ 40 compared to < 40 mm (OR: 0.03, 95% CI 0.01-0.06). Change in ultrasound pattern was associated with an increased risk of ovarian loss (PP: 57.7%, 95% CI 42.9-71.8). The risk of ovarian torsion was significantly higher in cysts ≥ compared to those < 40 mm (OR: 30.8, 95% CI 8.6-110). The risk of having surgery was higher in patients with cysts ≥ compared to <40 mm (OR: 64.4, 95% CI 23.6-175) and in complex cysts compared to simple cysts, irrespective of the cyst size. In cases undergoing prenatal aspiration of the cyst, the rate of recurrence was 37.9% (95% CI 14.8-64.3), while torsion and haemorrhage were diagnosed after birth in 10.8% (95% CI 4.4-19.7) and 9.7% (95% CI 3.7-18.3) of the cases treated. Finally, 17.7% (95% CI 9.3-,28) of fetuses undergoing fetal therapy had surgery after birth. CONCLUSION: Cysts size and appearance are the major determinants of perinatal outcome in these anomalies

Biochemical and histochemical studies of arylsulfatases in human lesions of endodontic origins

PLEASE NOTE: This work is protected by copyright. Downloading is restricted to the BU community: please click Download and log in with a valid BU account to access. If you are the author of this work and would like to make it publicly available, please contact [email protected] included.Thesis (D.Sc.D.)--Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Graduate Dentistry, 1989 (Endodontics)Bibliography : leaves 104-115.Lesions of endodontic origin are areas of inflammatory response which occur as a result of untreated disease processes within the root canal system. Lysosomal hydrolytic arylsulfatase A and B have been identified as major enzymes initiating and propagating bone loss by degrading chondroitin-4-sulfate (a major glycosaminoglycan of all hard tissues such as dentin, cementum and bone). Arylsulfatases have been recognized in tissues and cells implicated in the generation of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis and in eosinophils which infiltrate the site of an immediate hypersensitivity reaction. The purpose of this investigation was to examine human lesions of endodontic origin for the presence of arylsulfatase A and B. Fifteen human lesions were collected, homogenized, centrifuged and dialysed against distilled water for 18 hours. Aliquots were incubated with the substrate nitrocatechol sulfate (NCS) for one hour at 37 [degrees]C. The reaction was terminated with NaOH. Arylsulfatase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by monitoring the liberated 4-nitrocatechol at 515 nm. Five control samples obtained from healthy periodontal ligaments were analyzed in a similar manner. In addition, five human lesions were examined histochemically by light and electron microscopy. For light microscopy, tissue specimens were fixed in 2% buffered glutaraldehyde for 24 hours at 4 [degrees]C and then rinsed for several hours. Sections 8 microns in thickness were cut with a cryotome and incubated for 1 hour at 37 [degrees]C using NCS as substrate and lead nitrate as capturing agent. For electron microscopy, the tissues were first cut into small blocks and then fixed with 2% buffered glutaraldehyde for 24 hours at 4 [degrees]C and incubated for 90 minutes at 37 [degrees]C using NCS as substrate and barium chloride as the capturing agent. Two control samples obtained from healthy periodontal ligaments were studied in a similar manner. The results showed higher levels of arylsulfatase A in lesions than in control tissues, and marked activity of arylsulfatase B in lesions whereas no activity of this enzyme was evident in the control specimen. Histochemically all lesions showed positive staining for enzyme activity whereas the controls were negative. The electron microscopic results demonstrated that lysosomal bodies were stained positively for the arylsulfatase activity in fibroblasts. These findings indicate that arylsulfatase A and B play a role in the pathogenesis of human lesions of endodontic origin

An Olfactory Memory Circuit

Episodic memory is defined simply as memory for what happened, when, and where. The hippocampus mediates episodic memory and represents contextual information using the parameters of space and time, including where an event unfolded and the sequential order of related events. Episodic recollections are characterized by rich multisensory details, yet the mechanisms underlying the reinstatement of these non-spatiotemporal aspects of experience are unknown. In this thesis, we identified direct, topographically organized hippocampal projections to a poorly understood ring-like structure known as the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). We demonstrated that manipulation of the hippocampal-AON pathway can influence odour perception and odour-guided behaviours. Selective inhibition of hippocampal-AON projections impaired mice in their ability to recognize odours associated with the spatial and/or temporal aspects of their environment. We also revealed that AON activity is generated by coincident olfactory and contextual inputs arriving from the olfactory bulb and hippocampus, respectively. Thus, we hypothesized that the AON acts as the physical repository for populations of neurons representing previously encountered odours within the context in which they occurred. The precise pattern of activity produced by the AON therefore composes the olfactory memory trace, or “odour engram”. To this end, we used a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase system to control the timing of gene expression in the AON. In combination with chemo- and optogenetic tools, we manipulated tagged AON neuronal populations in a carefully designed set of behavioural paradigms. We found that AON activity is necessary and sufficient for driving the behavioural expression of specific odour memories, thereby establishing the AON as the long-term storage site for contextually-based odour engrams. This thesis represents the first demonstration of the neural substrate of odour memory in vertebrates, satisfying all criteria used for defining an engram. The ease and suitability of using olfaction will undoubtedly position the hippocampal-AON pathway as an ideal circuit model for investigating fundamental mnemonic and cognitive principles. Indeed, this model can become particularly important in translational research that may yet lead to the development of therapeutic targets for disorders of memory, such as Alzheimer’s disease.Ph.D

Modeling Large-Scale Software and Hardware Application Using

Maintaining large-scale legacy applications has been a major challenge for software producers. As the application evolves and gets more complicated, it becomes harder to understand, debug, or modify the code. Moreover, as new members are joining the development team, and others are leaving, the need for a well-documented code arises. Good documentation necessitatesthe visualization of the code in an easy to understand manner. The Unified Modeling Language (UML), an Object Management Group&apos;s (OMG) standard, is a graphical modeling language used for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting software intensive artifacts. UML, which has been accepted as an industry standard in November 1997, has aided the design and maintenance of object-oriented legacy applications. While the software developers were building UML models for their existing applications as part of a reverse-engineering process, development of next generation software applications started from the models (forward-engineering process). In the forward engineering process, the system&apos;s code is specified and constructed from the UML models, which evolve as the system evolves in order to maintain consistent documentation and visualization of the system. Moreover, UML has the power of hiding unnecessary details of the system by the ability to model its different views. This enables visualizing the system at different levels of hierarchy