Correlation of ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis of hepatic space occupying lesions at Bankura Sammilani Medical College and Hospital

Background: USG can differentiate various types of liver lesions based on their echo features and vascularity on CD then FNAC can be done only for those selected patients who needs further evaluation. Thus, patients with benign lesions based on USG and color Doppler, will be exempted from invasive, painful and time-consuming procedure of FNAC. Methods: It was an evaluation study of a diagnostic test and was cross sectional in design. Results: A total of 100 patients with focal hepatic lesions were included in our study group, with 47 cases diagnosed as abscesses, 2 cases were diagnosed as adenoma, 1 case was diagnosed as hepatic cyst, 1 case was diagnosed as cholangiocarcinoma, 22 cases were diagnosed as HCC and 21 cases were diagnosed as metastasis on FNAC. In diagnosis of abscess by USG, sensitivity was 87.23%, specificity was 93.33%, PPV was 93.18%, NPV was 87.5%, diagnostic accuracy was 90.21%. In diagnosis of HCC by USG, sensitivity was 63.64%, specificity was 84.28%, PPV was 56%, NPV was 88.05%, diagnostic accuracy was 79.34%. In diagnosis of metastasis by USG, sensitivity was 52.38%, specificity was 85.91%, PPV was 52.38, NPV was 85.91%, diagnostic accuracy was78.26%. Conclusions: Our study showed more than 75% diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing the commonest focal liver lesions like abscess, hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic lesions, by USG as compared to FNAC diagnosis which was considered as confirmatory in our institution

Evaluation of health status of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) based on brain optic tectum morphopathology

877-883Oreochromis niloticus (L.) health status was evaluated based on brain optic tectum morphopathology. O. niloticus was exposed to sub-lethal Almix (66.67 mg/L) and Excel Mera 71 (17.2 mg/L) concentrations for 30 d. Results revealed that herbicides exposure caused different morphological changes in brain optic tectum. Almix treatment showed comparatively higher morphological changes compared with Excel Mera 71. The mean assessment value (MAV) showed significantly higher (p < 0.0001) value in Almix (4.36±0.09) and Excel Mera 71 (3.60±0.09) exposure, in comparison with control fish (0.09±0.02). Stratum album centrale (SAC) and stratum periventriculare (SPV) were most affected layer compared with others. The observed morphological alterations revealed impaired visual, sensory and motor functions, which ultimately alters brain physiology. In particularly, the existence of necrosis in neural cells, loss of Nissl substances, gliosis and vacuole formations under Almix and Excel Mera 71 exposure indicated neurotoxic nature of these herbicides. However, higher prevalence under Almix treatment indicated higher neurotoxic potential than Excel Mera 71. Therefore, the results presented here are highly significant to toxicologist considering its neurotoxic property. Finally, further studies are needed to explore detailed mode of action of neurotoxicity for adverse outcome pathways (AOP) development at molecular level

Evaluation of health status of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) based on brain optic tectum morphopathology

Oreochromis niloticus (L.) health status was evaluated based on brain optic tectum morphopathology. O. niloticus was exposed to sub-lethal Almix (66.67 mg/L) and Excel Mera 71 (17.2 mg/L) concentrations for 30 d. Results revealed that herbicides exposure caused different morphological changes in brain optic tectum. Almix treatment showed comparatively higher morphological changes compared with Excel Mera 71. The mean assessment value (MAV) showed significantly higher (p &lt; 0.0001) value in Almix (4.36±0.09) and Excel Mera 71 (3.60±0.09) exposure, in comparison with control fish (0.09±0.02). Stratum album centrale (SAC) and stratum periventriculare (SPV) were most affected layer compared with others. The observed morphological alterations revealed impaired visual, sensory and motor functions, which ultimately alters brain physiology. In particularly, the existence of necrosis in neural cells, loss of Nissl substances, gliosis and vacuole formations under Almix and Excel Mera 71 exposure indicated neurotoxic nature of these herbicides. However, higher prevalence under Almix treatment indicated higher neurotoxic potential than Excel Mera 71. Therefore, the results presented here are highly significant to toxicologist considering its neurotoxic property. Finally, further studies are needed to explore detailed mode of action of neurotoxicity for adverse outcome pathways (AOP) development at molecular level

Review on Different Evapotranspiration Empirical Equations

For optimal design and management of hydrologic balance and scheduling irrigation models, the need to measure Evapotranspiration is of great importance. It helps in predicting when and how much water is required for any particular irrigation scheme. Reference Evapotranspiration is a standard nomenclature defined by FAO to provide a reference frame although it is not a full proof equation. Several scientists have developed multiple equations based of three primary directions viz. temperature based methods, radiation based methods and mass – transfer methods. Here in this paper, we have carried out a review on most of the popular equations and the objective is to elucidate the advantages and drawbacks each one of them register when put into use. The reference equation for standardization considered here is FAO 56 Penman Montheith equation. Thirty other equations from the three schools have been analysed here. Statistical Regression Analysis methods and coefficient of determination (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and index of agreement (d) are the analytical parameters those are to be used while estimating their acceptance in evaluating the throughputs

Biomarker profile in pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporarily associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS)/multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

687-693Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome temporarily associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a post COVID-19 multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents <21 years of age. It is slowly emerging in India with clinical features overlapping with Kawasaki Disease (KD) and Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). Ten PIMS-TS cases admitted in a pediatric hospital between July and Sept 2020 were compared with 19 Kawasaki Disease (KD) patients’ data. The median age of PIMS-TS was 6 years (older to KD), 80% were males. PMS-TS cases had high inflammatory markers: CRP, ferritin, interleukin (IL)-6. Other distinct features were lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyponatremia. Serial measurements of CRP showed high baseline values with subsequent decrease. NT-Pro BNP level was extremely elevated; suggestive of cardiac injury. All patients recovered. Laboratory features of PIMS-TS present a unique pattern of intense inflammation, and cardiac involvement that is different from features of pre COVID-19 KD. CRP remains a useful, inexpensive marker for PIMS-TS diagnosis and clinical progression

Biomarker profile in pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporarily associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS)/multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome temporarily associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a post COVID-19 multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents &lt;21 years of age. It is slowly emerging in India with clinical features overlapping with Kawasaki Disease (KD) and Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). Ten PIMS-TS cases admitted in a pediatric hospital between July and Sept 2020 were compared with 19 Kawasaki Disease (KD) patients’ data. The median age of PIMS-TS was 6 years (older to KD), 80% were males. PMS-TS cases had high inflammatory markers: CRP, ferritin, interleukin (IL)-6. Other distinct features were lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyponatremia. Serial measurements of CRP showed high baseline values with subsequent decrease. NT-Pro BNP level was extremely elevated; suggestive of cardiac injury. All patients recovered. Laboratory features of PIMS-TS present a unique pattern of intense inflammation, and cardiac involvement that is different from features of pre COVID-19 KD. CRP remains a useful, inexpensive marker for PIMS-TS diagnosis and clinical progression

A case series of congenital nevus and their various manifestations

A nevus is characterized by collection of partially differentiated or well-differentiated cells normally found in the skin. Some nevi are associated with disorders such as autism, epilepsy, ophthalmogical disorders, intracranial abnormalities, and others. In this case series, we aim to analyze six cases with congenital nevus, matched our findings with case reports published and reviewed the literature, to come to a conclusion that would help the clinician to do focused clinical examination and investigations when they come across such nevi. Furthermore, as these sort of skin lesions cause psychological morbidity to both parents and patients, proper counseling is required along with dermatological therapy and treatment of comorbid conditions. As well as regular follow-up with monitoring of the lesions. The following are the cases: Case-1, is a case of congenital melanocytic nevi who presented with delayed milestone, epilepsy and neuroimaging revealed intracranial melanosis. Case-2 nevus of Ota on face with scleral nevus and glaucoma in the left eye. In Case-3: Nevus achromicus was present over the abdomen and scalp in a child who presented with status epilepticus and there was focal cortical dysplasia of left frontal cortex on imaging. Nevus sebaceous was present in case-4 who had seizure disorder but neuroimaging was normal. Case-5 child had nevus spilus over left frontal area with melanocytic satellite nevi who presented with febrile convulsion but normal neuroimaging. The sixth case is a 5-year-old male child with linear nevus without any other association

Carp Seed Production Factors in India

The carp seed production process is a continuum. In practice, it is too difficult to strictly divide rural from entrepreneurial fish seed producers. Generally, the farmers who have been involved in subsistence level carp seed production increased their production over the years, with the more inputs and better management skill, resulting in enlarging their resource base and gradually becoming entrepreneurial. This report examines the factors which have statistical significant effects on crap seed production. Objective: The responsible factors for carp seed production are varied in nature, and these are not clearly well-known in the literature. Fisheries research often seeks to identify a causal relationship between the fish seed production and the environmental/controlled factors. This article studies three different subject groups (Rohu (24), Mrigal (21) and Catla (12)) for identifying the causal factors of carp seed production. Results: The causal factors of carp seed production are identified here. Statistical significant causal factors for Mrigal are female fish age (P = 0.01), her weight (P&lt; 0.01), size (P = 0.07), 1st-dose (P &lt; 0.01), male fish weight (P &lt; 0.01). For Rohu, significant factors are female fish age (P &lt; 0.01), her weight (P&lt; 0.01), 1st-dose (P = 0.01), 2nd-dose (P &lt; 0.01). For Catla, significant factors are female fish age (P &lt; 0.01), her weight (P&lt; 0.01), 1st-dose (P = 0.01). Effects of these factors on carp seed production are identified. Conclusions: Impacts of female fish age, her weight, size, 1st-dose, male fish weight, 2nd-dose etc., on carp seed production are explained based on mathematical relationships. The present findings support many earlier research outputs. However, these analyses also identify many additional casual factors that explain the means and variances of carp seed production, which earlier researches have not reported