Antibacterial Activity of Alchornea cordifolia (Christmas bush) Leaves Extract on Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Causing Multi-drug Resistant Systemic Infections

Carbapenems have been used for the treatment of systemic infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae. However, recent studies suggested that some Enterobacteriaceae are producing carbapenemases, which has limited the treatment options for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Some of the emerging carbapenemase resistant Enterobacteriaeae that are causing multi-drug resistant systemic infections include Escherichia coli, Klebsiellae pneumoniae, Providencia rettgeri, Proteus mirabili, Pantoea species, Citrobacter koseri and Acinetobacter baumanii. There is therefore the need for alternative treatment regimens for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. This study determined the in vitro efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae using agar well diffusion and well microplate dilution method. Serial dilutions of the ethanolic crude extract of the leaves were prepared and used against the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The phytochemical screening was also performed to determine the antibacterial compounds. The christmas bush leaves extracts concentrations ranging from 50 mg/ml – 200 mg/ml showed active diameter zone of inhibition. The ethanolic extract of Christmas bush leaves had minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 3.13mg/ml indicating significant antibiotic activity against the carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The phytochemical screening of the Christmas bush leaves showed the presence of antimicrobial phytochemicals such as flavonoids. This offers the possibility of developing effective antimicrobial agent to treat multi-drug resistant systemic infections. Therefore, there is the need to determine the toxicological effect and perform clinical trials of the active antimicrobial compounds isolated in the leave extracts of Christmas bush shrub. Keywords: Alchornea cordifolia, Flavonoids, Antibacterial, Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/10-10-03 Publication date:May 31st 202

Alchornea Cordifolia (Christmas Bush) Leaves Extract Shows Activity Against Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae That Cause Multi-Drug Resistant Urinary Tract Infections

Klebsiella pneumoniae are one of the most common cause of multi-drug resistant urinary tract infections such as cystitis and pyelonephritis. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are plasmid-mediated enzymes commonly found in the Klebsiella pneumoniae and other Gram negative bacteria. They are capable of hydrolysing beta-lactams except carbapenems and cephamycins. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases also confer resistance to several non-beta-lactam antibiotics, limiting treatment options for urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases -producing K. pneumoniae. This study determined the in vitro efficacy of Alchornea cordifolia on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases -producing K. pneumoniae. Serial dilutions of the ethanolic extract of the leaves were prepared and tested against the extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases-producing K. pneumoniae. The phytochemical screening was performed to determine the antibacterial compounds. The Christmas bush leaves extracts concentrations ranging from 50 mg/ml – 200 mg/ml showed significant active diameter zone of inhibition. The ethanolic extract of A. cordifolia leaves had minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 3.13 mg/ml indicating significant antibiotic activity against the ESBL isolates. The phytochemical screening of the Christmas bush leaves showed the presence of antimicrobial phytochemicals such as flavonoids. Ethanolic extracts of Christmas bush leaves is proving to be efficacious against multi-drug resistant urinary tract infections. This offers hope for the development of effective antibiotics due to the presence of flavonoids in the A. cordifolia leaf extracts. Therefore, there is the need to determine the toxicological effect and clinical trials of the active antimicrobial compounds isolated in the leaf extracts of A. cordifolia shrub. Keywords: Alchornea. cordifolia, Flavonoids, Multi-drug resistant, Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Klebsiella pneumoniae DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-24-03 Publication date: December 31st 202

Antimicrobial Activity of Psidium Guajava (Guava) Leaves Extract on Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae that Cause Multi-Drug Resistant Urinary Tract Infections

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are plasmid-mediated enzymes commonly found in the Enterobacteriaceae that are capable of hydrolysing ß-lactams except carbapenems and cephamycins. ESBLs also confer resistance to several non-ß-lactam antibiotics. ESBL producing isolates are predominantly Klebsiella pneumoniae and Eschericia coli. Klebsiella pneumoniae are one of the most common causes of urinary tract infections such as cystitis and pyelonephritis developed by about 150 million people in every given year. ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae appear susceptible to cephalosporins in vitro using conventional breakpoints but ineffective in vivo. This has limited treatment options for urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases -producing K. pneumoniae. This study determined the in vitro efficacy of Psidium guajava on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases -producing K. pneumoniae using agar well diffusion and well microplate dilution method. Serial dilutions of the ethanolic extract of the leaves were prepared and tested against the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing K. pneumoniae. The phytochemical screening was performed to determine the antibacterial compounds. The guava leaves extracts concentrations ranging from 50 mg/ml – 200 mg/ml showed active diameter zone of inhibition. The ethanolic extract of guava leaves had minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 6.25mg/ml indicating significant antibiotic activity against the ESBL isolates. The phytochemical screening of the guava leaves showed the presence of antimicrobial phytochemicals such as flavonoids. Ethanolic extracts of guava leaves is proving to be efficacious against multi-drug resistant ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, which a major cause urinary tract infections. This offers hope for the development of effective antibiotics against multi-drug resistant urinary tract infections due to the presence of flavonoids in the guava leaf extracts. Therefore, there is the need to determine the toxicological effect of the active antimicrobial compounds isolated in the leaf extracts of guava plant. Keywords: Psidium guajava, Flavonoids, Multi-drug resistant, Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Klebsiella pneumoniae DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/11-22-02 Publication date: November 30th 202