Metal-Based Nanomaterials Photodynamic Action with a Focus on Au and Ag Nanomaterials

Photodynamic action is the interaction between cells and oxygen, light, and chemical reagent (photosensitizers). Photodynamic techniques include photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), fluorescence-guided tumor resection, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDD and PDT have the exact mechanism. They are based on light and tissue interaction with a difference. PDT is along with the destruction of the lesion against PDD that the diagnosis is made without destruction. Photosensitizers (PSs) could be organic and inorganic. Metal-based PSs were considered, due to the disadvantages of organic PSs such as low quantum yield and small stock shift, and high toxicity. We have examined the metal-based nanomaterials PDT in recent years. The titles considered are including the introduction that consists of explanations about photodynamic action, PDD, PDT and history of PDT, PDT mechanism, PDT effects on the immune system, photosensitizers, and metal-based nanomaterials in the photodynamic application, which this section addresses along with the application of metal nanomaterials (with a focus on gold and silver nanomaterials) in photodynamic techniques

Extremely low frequency-pulsed electromagnetic fields affect proangiogenic-related gene expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells

Objective(s): It is known that extremely low frequency-pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF-PEMF) influence multiple cellular and molecular processes. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells have a significant part in the emergence and pathophysiology of several ocular disorders, such as neovascularization. This study assessed the impact of ELF-PEMF on the proangiogenic features of RPE cells. Materials and Methods: Primary cultured RPE cells were treated with ELF-PEMF (50 Hz) for three days. Using ELISA assay, we evaluated the effects of treatment on RPE cell proliferation and apoptosis. Also, RT-PCR was used to determine the gene expression of proangiogenic factors, such as matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factors receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α), VEGFA, cathepsin D, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), E2F3, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-2.Results: No noticeable changes were observed in cell proliferation and cell death of ELF-PEMF-exposed RPE cells, while transcript levels of proangiogenic genes (HIF-1α, VEGFA, VEGFR-2, CTGF, cathepsin D, TIMP-1, E2F3, MMP-2, and MMP-9) increased significantly.Conclusion: RPE cells are important for homeostasis of the retina. ELF-PEMF increased the gene expression of proangiogenic factors in RPE cells, which highlights concerns about the impact of this treatment on human health

Comparison of the study parameters between responders and nonresponders at baseline.

<p>Comparison of the study parameters between responders and nonresponders at baseline.</p

Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months of metformin therapy in responders and non-responders receiving atorvastatin.

<p>Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months of metformin therapy in responders and non-responders receiving atorvastatin.</p

Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months ofmetformin therapy.

<p>Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months ofmetformin therapy.</p

Differences between baseline parameter levels and levels after three months of treatment, according to metformin response and treatment group.

<p>Differences between baseline parameter levels and levels after three months of treatment, according to metformin response and treatment group.</p

Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months of metformin therapy in all the three treatment groups.

<p>Change in the study parameters from baseline to three months of metformin therapy in all the three treatment groups.</p

<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">Expression and response surface optimization of the recovery and purification of recombinant D-galactose dehydrogenase from<i> Pseudomonas fluorescens</i></span>

68-74<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language: EN" lang="EN">The enzyme D-galactose dehydrogenase (GalDH<span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">) has been used in diagnostic kits to screen blood serum of neonates for galactosemia. <span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">It is also a significant tool for the measurement of β-D-galactose, α-D-galactose and lactose as well. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to identify the suitable conditions for recovery of recombinant GalDH from Pseudomonas fluorescens in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). The identified GalDH gene was amplified by PCR and confirmed by further cloning and sequencing. E. coli BL-21 (DE3) containing the GalDH gene on a plasmid (pET28aGDH) was used to express and purify the recombinant enzyme. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ammonium sulfate concentrations and pH value were selected as variables to analyze purification of GalDH. To build mathematical models, RSM with a central composite design was applied based on the conditions for the highest separation. The recombinant GalDH enzyme was expressed after induction with IPTG. It showed <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt; mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase activity towards D-Galactose. According to the RSM modeling, an optimal ATPS was composed of PEG-2000 14.0% (w/w) and ammonium sulfate 12.0% (w/w) at pH 7.5. Under these conditions, GalDH preferentially concentrated in the top PEG-rich phase. The enzyme activity, purification factor (PF) and recovery (R) were 1400 U/ml, 60.0% and 270.0%, respectively. The PEG and salt concentrations were found to have significant effect on the recovery of enzyme. Briefly, our data showed that RSM could be an appropriate tool to define the best ATPS for recombinant P. fluorescens GalDH recovery. </span