Dynamic Active Earth Pressure Against Retaining Walls

Equations of equilibrium expressed along the stress characteristics are transformed onto the Zero Extension Line (ZEL) directions. The new dynamic equilibrium equations are then applied to simple ZEL field (composed of Rankine, Goursat, and Coulomb zones) behind retaining walls. Integration of differential equilibrium equations along the assumed field boundary, thus provide the final equations for the active static (Kast) and dynamic (Kady) earth pressure coefficients, which are functions of friction and dilation angles of the soil and friction angle of the wall surface. Numerical evaluation of Kast, and Kady indicates that these coefficients are not sensitive to the wall roughness for practical values of angle of friction of backfill material between 35° and 45°. In this range, the coefficients can be approximated by: Kast=tan2(π/4 -φ/2) and Kady =tan(π/4 - ν/2)

Comparison the functional properties of protein hydrolysates from poultry by-products and rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) viscera

Poultry by-products and rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) viscera are abundant and underutilized resources that can be used as a unique protein source to make protein hydrolysates. In this study protein hydrolysate were made from these two different sources with Alcalase 2.4L. The functional properties of Fish viscera protein hydrolysate (FPH) compared to poultry by-products protein hydrolysate (PPH) were studied: Solubility, water holding capacity (WHC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), colour, emulsifying and foaming properties. Furthermore, the products were characterized by analyzing their amino acid composition. WHC, emulsifying activity, emulsifying stability and foaming properties and color of the FPH was significantly (P 0.05) different. Methionine and histidine in both protein hydrolysates were the limiting amino acids and FPH had more hydrophobic residue. The differences in the amino acid composition between PPH and FPH may also be responsible for their different behaviours at various pH

Statistical properties of Faraday rotation measure from large-scale magnetic fields in intervening disc galaxies

To constrain the large-scale magnetic field strengths in cosmologically distant galax- ies, we derive the probability distribution function of Faraday rotation measure (RM) when random lines of sight pass through a sample of disc galaxies, with axisymmetric large-scale magnetic fields. We find that the width of the RM distribution of the galaxy sample is directly related to the mean large-scale field strength of the galaxy population, provided the dispersion within the sample is lower than the mean value. In the absence of additional constraints on parameters describing the magneto-ionic medium of the intervening galaxies, and in the situation where RMs produced in the intervening galaxies have already been statistically isolated from other RM contributions along the lines of sight, our simple model of the magneto-ionic medium in disc galaxies suggests that the mean large-scale magnetic field of the population can be measured to within ~ 50% accuracy.Comment: 4 pages, Proceedings of FM8 "New Insights in Extragalactic Magnetic Fields", XXXth General Assembly of the IAU, Vienna, August 20-31, 201

Ectoparasite infection of Carassius carassius in water resources of west Azerbaijan, Iran

Various parasite species were found in Carassius carassius including Diplostomum spathaceum, Dactylogyrus sp.,Gyrodactylus sp. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodinia sp . They were found in four rivers in West Azerbaijan Province (North-Western Iran) . A total of 207 live Carassius carassius from four rivers including Aras (72) Zariyneh (42) Nazlo (58) and Barandoz (35) were studied. Parasitological surveys were carried out on gills and external organs. The results showed that Diplostomum spathaceum (70.83%) Dactylogyrus sp. (38.88%) Gyrodactylus sp. ) 22.22%) Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (48.61%) Trichodinia sp. (8.33%) Chilodonella sp. (12.50%) and Argulus sp. (76.19%) were found in fish from Aras Rive so that the result showed, Spathaceum (63.79%) Dactylogyrus sp. (36.20%) Gyrodactylus sp. (25.86%) Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (44.82%) Trichodinia sp. (18.96%) Chilodonella sp. (12.06%) and Argulus sp. (6.89%). Argulus prevalence was greater in Barandoz River while Chilodonella in Zariyneh rud River . In Barandoz River, Diplostomum spathaceum (65.71%) Dactylogyrus sp. (37.14%) Gyrodactylus sp. (22.85%) Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (31.42%) Trichodinia sp. (25.71%) Chilodonella sp. (8.57%) and Argulus sp. (5.71%) were reported, respectively. Finally, in Zariyneh rud river, the followings have been reported: Diplostomum spathaceum (76.19%) Dactylogyrus sp. (21.42%) Gyrodactylus sp. (14.28%) Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (52.38%) Trichodinia sp. (23.80%) Chilodonella sp. (14.28%) and Argulus sp. (7.14%). It should be noted that prevalence , intensity and host parasite relationship will be discussed in details in this article

The Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxin Recognition Using a Sensor Designed by Nanosilica and SEA genotyping by Multiplex PCR

Considering the ever increasing population and industrialization of the developmental trend of human life, we are no longer able to detect the toxins produced in food products using the traditional techniques. This is due to the fact that the isolation time for food products is not cost-effective, and even in most of the cases, the precision of practical techniques like bacterial cultivation and other techniques suffers from operator errors, or the errors of the mixtures used. Hence, with the advent of nanotechnology, the design of selective and smart sensors has turned into one of the greatest industrial revelations of the quality control of food products that, in few minutes time and with a very high precision, can identify the volume and toxicity of the bacteria. In this research, based on the bacterial antibody's connection to nanoparticles, a sensor was used. In this part of the research, as the basis for absorption for the recognition of bacterial toxin, medium sized silica nanoparticles of 10 nm in the form of solid powder were utilized with Notrino brand. Then the suspension produced from the agent-linked nanosilica, which was connected to the bacterial antibody, was positioned near the samples of distilled water, which were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus bacterial toxin with the density of  10-3 molar, so that in case any toxin exists in the sample, a connection between the toxin antigen and the antibody would be formed. Finally, the light absorption related to the connection of antigen to the particle-attached antibody was measured using spectrophotometry. The 23S rRNA gene that is conserved in all Staphylococcus spp. was used as the control. The accuracy of the test was monitored by using the serial dilution (l0-6) of overnight cell culture of Staphylococcus spp. bacteria (OD600: 0.02 = 107 cell). It showed that the sensitivity of PCR is 10 bacteria per ml of cells within few hours. The results indicated that the sensor detects up to 10-4molar density. Additionally, the sensitivity of the sensor was examined after 60 days; by the 56 day, it had confirmatory results, which started to decrease after this time. Comparison of practical nanobiosensory method with the conventional methods including culture and bio-technology methods (such as polymerase chain reaction) confirmed its accuracy, sensitiveness and uniqueness.  It also reduces the time from hours to 30 minutes

Bioinformatics tools in predictive ecology: Applications to fisheries

This article is made available throught the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund - Copygith @ 2012 Tucker et al.There has been a huge effort in the advancement of analytical techniques for molecular biological data over the past decade. This has led to many novel algorithms that are specialized to deal with data associated with biological phenomena, such as gene expression and protein interactions. In contrast, ecological data analysis has remained focused to some degree on off-the-shelf statistical techniques though this is starting to change with the adoption of state-of-the-art methods, where few assumptions can be made about the data and a more explorative approach is required, for example, through the use of Bayesian networks. In this paper, some novel bioinformatics tools for microarray data are discussed along with their ‘crossover potential’ with an application to fisheries data. In particular, a focus is made on the development of models that identify functionally equivalent species in different fish communities with the aim of predicting functional collapse