Capital Based Macroeconomic model and 100 percent reserve system, free banking system and BFH system: A Comparism among Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

This essay extends the capital based macroeconomic theory to include international capital flow thus extending it to an open economy and analyze it in the context of the BFH system, Free banking system and 100 percent reserve ration. In all these, it was noticed that interest rate will barely change even though the possibility of interest rate changes was not ruled out completely. A test of these systems was conducted on Latvia, Lithuanian, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and was successful. However, it must be noted that these are just prepositions as these system are not in place at the moment. In furtherance to this, past and present monetary system used by the countries exhibited similarities to these systems, even though difference could largely be seen

Western guilt and Third World Development : Part 2

This work considered the argument of the opponent of Western guilt and the final verdict was issued. The four thematic areas; colonialism, neo-colonialism, slave trade and trade barriers were used. The work found that these events were of enormous benefits to Third World countries though widely criticized by the proponents of Western guilt. The work also considered factors that have resulted in the underdevelopment of Third World countries. These factors were identified as human resource development and corruption. If these two factors were given serious consideration, Third World countries would have developed much faster with the abundant physical resources at their disposal. The verdict was that, the density of Third World countries lies in their own hands. Their development cannot be trace to any event present or future. Realizing the need for human resource development and fighting corruption is an important foundation that Third World countries must lay.Third World Countries; Developed Countires; Corruption;

Capital Based Macroeconomic model and 100 percent reserve system, free banking system and BFH system: A Comparism among Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

This essay extends the capital based macroeconomic theory to include international capital flow thus extending it to an open economy and analyze it in the context of the BFH system, Free banking system and 100 percent reserve ration. In all these, it was noticed that interest rate will barely change even though the possibility of interest rate changes was not ruled out completely. A test of these systems was conducted on Latvia, Lithuanian, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and was successful. However, it must be noted that these are just prepositions as these system are not in place at the moment. In furtherance to this, past and present monetary system used by the countries exhibited similarities to these systems, even though difference could largely be seen.International Capital Flows: Interest rate: 100 percent reserve system: free banking system: BFH system

What does a comparison between Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan tell about the cognition and institutions as social capital in the extended market order?

This paper considers cognition and institution as social capital. Its starts from the freedom of Economic report. It was noticed that the core tenants of the freedom of Economics are deeply embedded in the core tenants of social capital which also has strong linkages to culture. Culture also relates to the mind of the people and their way of thinking, by setting the framework within which all interaction that take place can be viewed as crucial elements underlying the of lives in the larger social existence. Quantitative indicators of culture and institutions as social capital was imputed from the World value Survey and was considered in the four countries under consideration, it was noticed that trust among Latvians though may take time but once given, is very strong. This same cannot be said for Lithuania, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. This can explain to some extent trust in public institution and high rate of economic growth in Latvia than the other countries.Social Capital; Institution; Culture

Western Guilt and Third World Development: Part 1

The issue of Western guilt has enjoyed much attention after the independence of most colonized countries in the Third World (developing countries). Western guilt is defined here as the feeling that the West (developed countries) is responsible for the poverty of the Third World. For sometimes now, both the West and the developing countries have had some kind of agreement on the subject. But there has been an emergence of a new ideology championed mainly by Peter Bauer who has argued sternly against Western guilt. This ideology has caused many to sit up to reconsider the subject. The main of this paper is to provide the final verdict on this issue and bring the subject to a close. To do this, the paper identified four main factors of the proponents of Western guilt which includes Colonialism, Neo-colonialism, Slave trade and Trade Barriers. Part one of this work argued in favour of Western guilt using these four thematic areas. It was concluded that the West have been a major contributor of Third World poverty. Part two of this work will consider the otherwise of the situation and a verdict will be provided.Western Guilt, Third World Countries, West, Development

The Analysis Of The Rural Credit Market In Ghana

The formal banking sector does not satisfy the growing demand for credit, and many borrowers turn to informal loan sources to meet their production and consumption needs. The problem of the rural credit, which includes supplying credit for a rural community for economic growth, is reemerging on the development agenda as a pressing issue. The rural economy is financially very fragile. Lack of credit is a significant and sometimes binding constraint, limiting investment in productivity-enhancing technology and inputs. Rural credit plays a critical role in household strategies to reduce vulnerability. In spite of the contribution that credit entails to the rural development, it has been one of the crucial factors that have not been given proper attention. The purpose of this paper is to identify problems that have hindered the effectiveness of the rural credit market in Ghana. The paper is premised on the theoretical understanding of rural credit markets and applies the framework to investigate the aspect of the rural credit market in Ghana. Improving the rural credit system will help to raise household incomes and reduce poverty and will contribute to the eradication of extreme poverty. The paper identifies high cost, interest rate, lack of collateral, lack of innovation and high delinquency rates as the main factors that have hindered the effectiveness of the rural credit market in Ghana. This paper will interest policymakers to place more emphasis on savings mobilization and to revisit interest rate policy, while providing cheap and adequate credit to small and poor farmers

Interest Rate Spread on Bank Profitability: The Case of Ghanaian Banks

The banking sector in Ghana plays a dominant role in the financial sector, particularly with respect to mobilization of savings and the provision of credit. An analysis of bank interest rate spreads is therefore central to the understanding of the financial intermediation process and the macroeconomic environment in which banks operate. This paper is motivated by the fact that although Ghana’s financial sector was liberalized in the early 1990s to allow for market determination of interest rates, concerns about high interest rate spreads have persisted and attracted a lot of debate in both public and policy forums. The purpose of the study is to empirically investigate the interest rate spread on banks profitability in Ghana using average annual observation data from1992–2015 to include 28 commercial banks. Ordinary least square was used to estimate the regression coefficients. The empirical results show that bank-specific factors play a significant role in the determination of interest rate spreads in the Ghana’s banking sector. All the bank specific variables were found to be significant except Total Assets (TA). Among the macroeconomic variables, inflation was found to be significant whereas GDP growth rate was insignificant. The role of the global financial institutions is changing and so are the banks operating in Ghana. The banking sector should explore new paths that will enable them to take advantage of the government’s policy of making the “private sector the engine of growth” to market their products

Urban governance and planning for Economic growth

Governance in short is a shift from bureaucratic process to shared power for the people. Governance in the urban areas goes hand in hand with planning. Issues of governance cannot be dealt with completely without proper planning. However, planning in the two largest cities of Kumasi and Accra has seen some major changes over time both spatially and administratively. Spatial, urban planning system has moved from new towns and town expansion to high standards of living. Administratively there has been the frantic effort of merging all law governing land use into one legal document which was not previously the case. But planning for growth and governance are faced with the following weakness; selective restraint, institutional and geographical fragmentation, short termism and power and resources.Governance; Planning; Growth

The Integration of Intercultural Competence in Innovative Pedagogical Methodology in Nursing Education.

The global population is continuously emigrating and progressing due to the increased abilityto travel. This has resulted in upsurge escalation of cultural diversity in every country.Immigration expansion, increasing globalization and the growth of minorities have resulted incultural diversity of students in the nursing education. This, therefore, calls for the need toenhance the teaching strategies of nursing educators to meet the demands of diverse students.This correlational study aims to measure the relationship between the integration ofintercultural competence on the use of innovative pedagogical methodology. Also, it aims tomeasure the significant difference of years of teaching experience on the use of innovativepedagogical methodology. Thirty (30) nurse educators were conveniently sampled from threeuniversities in Trinidad and Tobago. The study adopted and modified Cultural DiversityQuestionnaire for Nurse Educators (CDQN) to assess the intercultural competence of nurseeducators and a self-constructed questionnaire was used for the pedagogical methodology ofnurse educators. The statistical treatment used was Pearson Correlation and ANOVA. Therelationship between intercultural competence and the use of innovative pedagogicalmethodology yielded a moderate significant positive relationship (r=0.387, p=0.008) at a95% confidence interval. In examining the differences between years of teaching experiencethe use of innovative pedagogical methodology, the study showed a non-significantdifference (p=1.35) on equal variance assumed, Therefore, this study concludes that in orderto enhance the quality of nursing education, nurse educators should pose interculturalcompetence in order to provide innovative pedagogical methods that would enhance teachingquality and facilitate cultural diversity in the classrooms. It is therefore critical for continuousprofessional development for nursing educators to include the development of interculturalcompetence and the use of innovative pedagogical methodology. Further research shouldinvestigate using qualitative research design on the challenges that nurse educators face withthe increase of cultural diversity in nursing education

Globalization and its influence on Economic Growth performance

Globalization is described as a process by which regional economics, societies and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation and trade. Different researchers have argued both in favour of and against globalization. Bhagwati claims that globalization has created a direct link to economic fortunes for the poor rural folks in developing countries who are often farmers. He argues that increase in information and information technology has loosened the control of exploitative middlemen whose activities reduce the returns rural farmer receive for their produce. Prystay (2005) provided evidence to this argument. Another argument comes from factor endowment. Argument against globalization is the fact that it has produced unprecedentedly high levels of inequality or hardships to the poor. Evidence from both China and India have reviled that globalization has propelled both countries economically; increase in economic growth from 6.15 to 9.37 percent in the case of China and information technology in the case of India, but the issue of inequality is still important and need to be addressed by individual government.Globalization; Inequality; Growth