Lipid-modulated assembly of magnetized iron-filled carbon nanotubes in millimeter-scale structures

Biomolecule-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) combine the molecular recognition properties of biomaterials with the electrical properties of nanoscale solid state transducers. Application of this hybrid material in bioelectronic devices requires the development of methods for the reproducible self-assembly of CNTs into higher-order structures in an aqueous environment. To this end, we have studied pattern formation of lipid-coated Fe-filled CNTs, with lengths in the 1–5 µm range, by controlled evaporation of aqueous CNT-lipid suspensions. Novel diffusion limited aggregation structures composed of end-to-end oriented nanotubes were observed by optical and atomic force microscopy. Significantly, the lateral dimension of assemblies of magnetized Fe-filled CNTs was in the millimeter range. Control experiments in the absence of lipids and without magnetization indicated that the formation of these long linear nanotube patterns is driven by a subtle interplay between radial flow forces in the evaporating droplet, lipid-modulated van der Waals forces, and magnetic dipole–dipole interactions. Keywords

Bethe lattice representation for sandpiles

Avalanches in sandpiles are represented by a process of percolation in a Bethe lattice with a feedback mechanism. The results indicate that the frequency spectrum and probability distribution of avalanches provide a better resemblance to the experimental results than other models using cellular automata simulations. Apparent discrepancies between experiments performed by different authors are reconciled. Critical behavior is expressed here by the critical properties of percolation phenomena

Estimation of the through-plane thermal conductivity of polymeric ion-exchange membranes using finite element technique

The aim of this study is to calculate the through-plane thermal conductivity of commercial polymeric ion-exchange membranes. Different membranes were considered to study the influence of membrane properties on the thermal conductivity values. In particular we focused on reinforcement, ion exchange capacity and membrane density and thickness. For this purpose, we use a simple experimental setup and a numerical simulation to estimate the thermal conductivity from the experimental temperature profiles. Once the system is calibrated, the model includes as the only unknown parameter the membrane thermal conductivity. To validate the method, the thermal conductivity of the well-known Nafion membranes has been determined, a very good agreement was achieved in context from reliable literature values. The study also provides the thermal conductivity of other polymeric ion-exchange membranes with great potential in diverse applications under non-isothermal conditions. The calculated thermal conductivity for the different ion-exchange membranes is in the range from 0.04 Wm(-1) K-1 to 0.42 Wm(-1) K-1. The results show that the reinforcement leads to lower values of thermal conductivity whereas a higher density or heterogenous structure leads to higher thermal conductivity values. The approach presented here, combining experimental and simulation techniques, may provide a basis for confirming the effect of the polymeric ion-exchange membrane properties on the thermal conductivity and may shed light on the best choice for the electrolyte of membrane-based applications performance under non-isothermal conditions. Published by Elsevier Ltd