12 research outputs found
Basic principles for recommending and advising the use of cosmetics
UMF Tîrgu Mureş, Facultatea de Farmacie, Tîrgu Mureş, România,
IP USMF „Nicolae Testemiţanu” din Republica MoldovaObiectivul studiului:
Argumentarea necesităţii de elaborare şi publicare
a unui compendiu care să ghideze farmacistul pentru
realizarea consilierii profesioniste în activităţile de
recomandare şi eliberare a produselor cosmetice. Iniţierea
unei colaborări în acest sens între disciplinele
de specialitate a Facultăţilor de Farmacie: din Tîrgu
Mureş – România şi respectiv din Chişinău – Republica
Moldova.
Material şi metode:
Studiu bibliografic.
Rezultate:
Atât în România cât şi în spaţiul Uniunii Europene,
produsul cosmetic este delimitat legislativ de medicamente
şi de alte produse pentru sănătate, fiind constituit
din: „orice substanţă sau preparat care urmează să
fie pus în contact cu diverse părţi externe ale corpului,
cu scopul exclusiv sau principal de a le curăţa, a
le parfuma, a le modifica aspectul, a le corecta mirosurile
corporale, a le proteja ori a le menţine în bună
stare”. Luând în considerare toate criteriile care le particularizează,
legea referitoare la produsele cosmetice
defineşte 20 de categorii. Având în vedere utilizarea
unor categorii de cosmetice ca bunuri de larg consum,
legislaţia europeană este în permanenţă armonizată cu
tendinţele pieţei cosmeticelor, având ca obiective principale:
asigurarea siguranţei consumatorilor, protecţia
mediului şi înlocuirea studiilor pe animale cu metode
in vitro.
Eliberarea produselor cosmetice din farmacie implică
cunoaşterea unor criterii fundamentale de diferenţiere
şi de recomandare a acestora astfel încât să
se realizeze şi o consiliere fundamentată pe principii
ştiinţifice, nu numai intuitive. Astfel, în practica farmaceutică
este necesară cunoaşterea şi aplicarea următoarelor
criterii: a) Tipurile de produse cosmetice
în funcţie de scopul utilizării (se diferenţiază: produse
pentru igienă şi protecţie, produse de înfrumuseţare
şi respectiv produse pentru îngrijire şi întreţienere);
b)Regiunea corpului pe care se aplică produsele
(se diferenţiază: produse pentru regiunea cutanată,
produse pentru păr şi pielea capului, produse pentru
unghii şi respectiv produse pentru mucoase);
c) Particularităţile anatomo-fiziologice (se diferenţiază
produse destinate pentru: femei, gravide, nou-născuţi,
copii, bărbaţi); d) Starea regiunii corpului pe care urmează
să fie aplicat produsul (se diferenţiază: produse
de întreţinere – pentru regiuni cu activitate fiziologică
normală şi produse reparatorii – pentru regiuni deteriorate
sub acţiunea factorilor exogeni sau endogeni);
e) Particularităţile tipului de ten (se diferenţiază: produse
pentru ten normal, ten alipic, ten deshidratat,
ten mixt, tenuri sensibile; tenurile cu particularităţi,
cum sunt cele sensibile sau tenul îmbătrânit prematur,
necesită produse cu efecte protective şi reparatorii);
f) Selectarea formei produsului cosmetic în funcţie
de tipul tenului, în corelaţie cu acţiunea excipienţilor
asupra regiunii sistemului intertegumentar pe care se
aplică, proprietăţile fizico-chimice ale ingredientelor
active din produs şi nivelul de penetraţie necesar pentru
exercitarea acţiunii (numărul ingredientelor care
se asociază depinde atât de nivelul penetraţiei, cât şi de
complexitatea efectelor dorite).
Concluzii:
Diferenţierea produselor cosmetice şi recomandarea
acestora la eliberarea din farmacie necesită utilizarea
unor cunoştinţe şi aplicarea unor principii bine
argumentate ştiinţific. Numai în acest mod poate fi
fundamentată consilierea realistă, la nivel profesional
corespunzător aşteptărilor solicitanţilor şi utilizatorilor
de produse cosmetice
Developing and evaluation of orodispersible tablets containing caffeine
Starting from the premise that a reduced number of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are used to treat hypotension, the aim of this study consisted of developing new formulations of caffeine-orodispersible tablets (CAFODTs). The formulation variables were the type of disintegrant and its concentration. The CAF-ODTs were prepared by direct compression, (CAF1, CAF2 and, CAF3) each of them containing 100 mg of CAF / tablet. The proposed formulations were analyzed from a pharmacotechnical point of view. For the formulations developed the tablets’ physical appearance, resistance to crushing, friability, disintegration behaviour, and the in vitro caffeine release were evaluated.
White tablets, with a resistance to crushing decreasing in the following order CAF1 > CAF2 > CAF3 were obtained. The friability test showed that all the formulations are respecting the in-force European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur. 10) requirements with values less than 1 %. The disintegration time for all three formulations was less than 180 seconds, the smallest time being registered in the case of CAF2 formulation, where Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) was used as a disintegrant (24-30 s, as a result of the different methods used. Through the in vitro releasing study, it was observed that over 99.9 % caffeine was released from all three analyzed formulations. By investigating the amount of caffeine released after 1 minute, it can be noticed that the largest amount released was recorded in CAF2 formulations, where SSG was used as a disintegrant. Compared to CAF2, the amount of CAF released was reduced to half, after the first five minutes for CAF1 formulation, where sodium croscarmellose was used, and ten times lower in the case of CAF3 where no disintegrant was used. Based on the results obtained we can conclude that all three formulations are respecting the pharmacotechnical in-force officinal requirements. The presence of SSG in the CAF2 formulation led to obtaining tablets with a reduced disintegration time in comparison to the other two formulations proposed in this study
The influence of hydrogen peroxide on the rheological behaviour of Ultrez-21 gels
Objectives. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of hydrogen peroxide (H2
O2) and its concentrations on the rheological characteristics of Ultrez-21 1% gel, in order to develop and optimize formulations easy to prepare in the pharmacy, for various pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications.
Material and methods. A series of gels containing 5-29.5% H2O2 were analysed and compared to the gel base in terms of rheological properties induced by the action of forces applied either with constant intensity (adhesiveness, consistency, extensibility, viscosity) or with variable intensity (viscous structural flow, thixotropy). Perhydrol has been selected as a source of H2O2, as it is a product commonly used in pharmacy, and which, being a concentrated solution (30% m/mH2O2), can be very easily diluted by mixing with water to obtain the desired concentration in gels.
Outcomes. Even if the presence of H2O2 causes changes in adhesiveness, consistency, extensibility and viscosity of gels, they do not correlate with the H2O2 contents, each gel having its own specific behaviour. The gels have a lower flow threshold when are sheared at D = 0.33 s-1 than the gel base. Differences between shear flows are statistically significant both in terms of the deviation from linearity (Runs test) and the deviation from zero value (F test). The slopes of the regression lines have positive values in all cases, but statistically different (p 15% H2O2 decrease the thixotropic capacity of the Ultrez-21 gel with comparable values (32, 38, 35 and 28%).
Conclusions. All the studied gels have a plastic-thixotropic behaviour which changes both with the presence and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The differences in consistency, adhesion and extensibility between the gels cannot be attributed to the viscosity, but rather to the degree of homogeneity and / or strength of the dispersed system formed by hydrogen peroxide in the Ultrez-21 gel. The flow behaviour of the gels correlates with the variation of pH, consistency and adhesiveness, and less with the spreading properties
Development of Co-Amorphous Loratadine–Citric Acid Orodispersible Drug Formulations
This study aimed at the preparation and characterization of co-amorphous loratadine–citric acid orally disintegrating dosage forms (ODx). A co-amorphous loratadine–citric acid was prepared by solvent evaporation method in three different molecular ratios. DSC, FTIR, and dissolution studies have been conducted for the binary system. The co-amorphous system was used to obtain oral lyophilizates and orally disintegrating tablets by direct compression. Diameter, thickness, hardness, disintegration time, uniformity of mass, and dissolution was determined for the dosage forms. DSC curves showed a lack of sharp endothermic peaks for the binary systems. FTIR spectra presented a hypsochromic modification of the characteristic peaks. Dissolution studies indicated a five-fold increase in the dissolved amount compared to pure loratadine in water. Disintegration times of direct compression ODx varied in the range of 34–41 s and for freeze-dried ODx in the range of 8–9 s. Friability was under 1% in all cases. The dissolution of loratadine in buffer solution at pH = 1 was almost complete. In conclusion binary systems of loratadine and citric acid enhance solubility and combined with the orally disintegrating pharmaceutical form also increase patient compliance
Ibuprofen in the current practice of the pharmacist in the community pharmacy
The pharmacist from the community pharmacy plays a key role in the case of patients who seek directly for pathologies related to pain. Being a health specialist, he has the ability to offer pharmaceutical healthcare for drugs that need a medical prescription and also for the ones that are registered as OTC’s. Ibuprofen (IBU) is a part of the drug group called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) being registered in Romania under 17 pharmaceutical formulation by the National Agency of Drugs and Medical Devices. Due to its pharmacological profile which consists of a low risk of gastrointestinal side effects, IBU is an OTC recommended and frequently prescribed for decreasing the low and moderate pain.
World Health Organization (WHO) indicates IBU as a drug that can be used to babies aged over three months. Through this paper, we try to analyze the pharmacist’s vision from the community pharmacy in IBU recommendation. In this paper were mentioned some legal aspects that are linked to the pharmacist competences, and also its approach regarding IBU recommendation during pregnancy and breastfeeding and also to children and to a category of patients who have various associated pathologies
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Matrix Type Transdermal Therapeutic Systems
Objective: Transdermal therapeutic systems (TTSs) represent an intensely studied alternative to oral delivery of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the treatment of rheumatic diseases due to its ability of avoiding the side effects of the oral route. This study aims to present the evaluation of the mechanical properties of three NSAIDs (meloxicam, tenoxicam and indomethacin) individually included in four type of polymeric matrixes, as part of new formulations development process. Methods: 12 products in form of TTS matrixes were prepared by solvent casting evaporation technique, using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC 15000, HPMC E5) and/or ethylcellulose as matrix-forming polymers. Each of the resulted products was evaluated by determining the water vapor absorption, desorption or transmission in controlled atmosphere humidity (evaluation of porosity); the elongation capacity, tensile strength and bioadhesiveness (evaluation of mechanical properties). Results: The analysis of three groups of the experimental data expressed as averages on each group was necessary, in order to identify the parameters which statistically are critically influenced by the ingredients associated in the TTSs matrix compositions. Analysis by normality tests, variance and correlation tests (Anova, Pearson) enabled evaluation of the effect of NSAID type vs. the effect of polymer matrix type on the parameters of the NSAID TTS matrix. Conclusions: Meloxicam incorporated in the structure of HPMC 15000 polymeric matrix favors its viscoelastic structure. Ethylcellulose functions as plasticizer and supports the matrix bioadhesiveness. HPMC E5 does not meet the requirements for TTS preparation in the used experimental conditions
Development of semisolid pharmaceutical forms with mometasone furoate
This study aims to develop semisolid pharmaceutical forms for the topical administration of mometasone furoate
Preparation and Evaluation of Caffeine Orodispersible Films: The Influence of Hydrotropic Substances and Film-Forming Agent Concentration on Film Properties
This study aimed to develop caffeine (CAF) orodispersible films (ODFs) and verify the effects of different percentages of film-forming agent and hydrotropic substances (citric acid—CA or sodium benzoate—SB) on various film properties. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E 5 (HPMC E 5) orodispersible films were prepared using the solvent casting method. Four CAF-ODF formulations were prepared and coded as CAF1 (8% HPMC E 5, CAF), CAF2 (8% HPMC E 5 and CAF:CA–1:1), CAF3 (9% HPMC E 5 and CAF:CA–1:1), and CAF4 (9% HPMC E 5 and CAF:SB–1:1). The CAF-ODFs were evaluated in terms of disintegration time, folding endurance, thickness, uniformity of mass, CAF content, thickness-normalized tensile strength, adhesiveness, dissolution, and pH. Thin, opaque, and slightly white CAF-ODFs were obtained. All the formulations developed exhibited disintegration times less than 3 min. The dissolution test revealed that CAF1, CAF2, and CAF3 exhibited concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) released at 30 min that were close to 100%, whilst CAF4 showed a faster dissolution behaviour (100% of the CAF was released at 5 min). Thin polymeric films containing 10 mg of CAF/surface area (3.14 cm2) were prepared
The Influence of the Intergranular Superdisintegrant Performance on New Drotaverine Orodispersible Tablet Formulations
The main objective of this study consists in establishing the influence of the intergranular superdisintegrant on the specific properties of drotaverine hydrochloride fast-dissolving granules (DROT-FDGs) and orodispersible tablets (DROT-ODTs). The orodispersible tablets were obtained by the compression of the FDGs and excipient mixture with an eccentric tableting machine. To develop DROT-ODTs, two types of superdisintegrant excipients in different concentrations (water-soluble soy polysaccharides (SSP) (1%, 5%) and water-insoluble soy polysaccharides—Emcosoy® STS IP (EMCS) (1%, 3%, 5%)) were used, resulting in five formulations (D1–D5). The DROT-FDGs and the DROT-ODTs were subjected to pharmacotechnical and analytical evaluation. All the orodispersible tablets obtained respect the quality requirements in terms of friability (less than 1%), crushing strength (ranging between 52 N for D2 and 125.5 N for D3), and disintegration time (<180 s). The in vitro release of drotaverine from ODTs showed that all formulations presented amounts of active substance released greater than 85% at 10 min. The main objective, developing 30 mg DROT-ODTs for children aged between 6 and 12 years by incorporating the API in FDGs, was successfully achieved