Can the Market Be Used to Preserve Land? The Case for Transfer of Development Rights

This paper discusses the use of a market-driven technique ? transfer of development rights ? to preserve land from development while guaranteeing the rights of property owners. While the technique is often used in the United States, Europe has a lot more urgency in land preservation but it is still lagging in the use of market based instruments such as transfer of development rights. Property ownership can be described as a bundle of rights, including the right to use, the right to exchange, and the right to convert. The transfer of development rights (TDR) technique assumes that the development rights of a parcel, as part of the right to convert, can be sold and used in another parcel. The motivation for the creation of a TDR program is the preservation of environmentally sensitive areas, agricultural land, open space, and historic landmarks. In the task of preserving these areas, TDR is thought to be the best technique since it is a market-type transaction involving low costs for the public, it is more effective than zoning in the protection of land and landmarks, and it provides compensation to landowners that alienate the development rights. The typical TDR program involves the landowner of a preservation or sending zone (or parcel) selling the development rights to a developer who will use these rights in an area designated as development or receiving zone (or parcel). In general, the receiving area allows higher density of construction, which becomes the incentive for developers to buy the development rights. A variation of this program occurs when government creates a TDR bank from which developers acquire rights to develop at higher densities and the government uses the money to purchase development rights in areas it wishes to protect. TDR banks can also help during economic recessions to sustain the price of certificates. The economic analysis argues that TDR programs should be preferred to zoning for four reasons. First, TDR programs are market-based alternatives and, therefore, entail less administrative costs then command-and-control regulation. Second, rezoning decisions frequently involve large rent-seeking costs, whereas TDR overcomes the market failure and increases the net benefits of regulation. Third, the certificates of development rights can be exchanged in the market and provide a compensation to the landowner for the loss of the right to develop. Fourth, in communities facing urban sprawl and suffering pressures to develop, the outcome of a TDR program is an efficient market allocation of land to its most valued use: the market maximizes the aggregate value of the land. The paper summarizes the economic arguments favoring the use of TDR programs and discusses the difficulties in implementing these programs in Europe where command-and-control regulation has been preferred over market-based solutions.

Por una (hiper)pedagogía crítica, intercultural y multisensorial en el aprendizaje de Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE)

Teniendo en cuenta una pedagogía crítica emancipadora (Jiménez Raya, Lamb & Vieira, 2007) enriquecida por enfoques multisensoriales (Arslan, 2009), se pretende en este artículo dar cuenta de prácticas verdaderamente interdisciplinarias y basadas en una filosofía de proyecto en el que alumnos de ELE en la Educación Básica (primer y tercer ciclos) llevan a cabo tareas de naturaleza plurilingüe y multicultural.En este estudio, hemos tratado de destacar las prácticas y estrategias emancipatorias que traducen aprendizajes que resultan significativos en un nivel multicultural y plurilingüe para los alumnos (Andrade & Araújo e Sá, 2003), contribuyendo al desarrollo de su conciencia crítica cultural (Byram et al, 2002). Buscando evidenciar una muestra de prácticas interdisciplinarias y multisensoriales (Arslan, 2009), relacionadas con el proyecto Pluri+Red y basadas en el uso de estrategias y materiales físicos o digitales (juegos didácticos, WebQuests, cuentos interactivos, etc.) que plantean retos a los estudiantes con el fin de provocar asombro y extrañeza, pero también cuestionamiento (Jiménez Raya, Lamb & Vieira, 2007), pretendemos que este estudio exploratorio demuestre las opciones y rutas tomadas hacia un único objetivo: formar a los futuros ciudadanos conscientes del mundo, capaces de intervenir y de formarse a lo largo de su vida

Identification of HIR, EDS1 and PAD4 Genes Reveals Differences between Coffea Species That May Impact Disease Resistance

This research was co-funded by Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and FEDER funds through PORNorte under the project CoffeeRES ref. PTDC/ASP-PLA/29779/2017, and by FCT UNIT LEAF (UID/AGR/04129/2020).The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/agronomy13040992/s1Coffee, a widely consumed important agricultural product, is mainly produced from two species, Coffea arabica (Arabica coffee) and C. canephora (Robusta coffee). Timor Hybrid (HDT) is a population resulting from a natural cross between C. arabica and C. canephora. HDT derivatives have a high spectrum of resistance to different races of Hemileia vastatrix (Hv), the causal agent of coffee leaf rust. A RNAseq database, obtained from HDT832/2 leaves inoculated with Hv (Host Resistance) and Uromyces vignae (Uv, Nonhost Resistance), showed the presence of genes implicated in the hypersensitive response and salicylic acid pathway. Hypersensitive Induced Reaction (HIR) gene family, Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 gene (EDS1), and Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) gene are involved in host and nonhost resistance. Relative expression calculated by RT-qPCR was used to confirm and expand the transcriptome analysis. HDTHIR4, HDTEDS1, and HDTPAD4 showed the highest upregulation in response to Hv and Uv inoculation, confirming a similar trend in host and nonhost resistance in HDT. HIR and EDS1/PAD4 gene families were characterized for the first time in the three available Coffea genomes. HIR genes were quite conserved between Coffea species. Surprisingly, EDS1 and PAD4 genes revealed major differences in gene structure. The PAD4 predicted protein from C. arabica does not include both conserved domains of the EDS1/PAD4 family, and the EDS1 putative protein from C. canephora includes a formin domain unusual in the same protein family. The variability shown by EDS1/PAD4 gene family may impact the disease resistance response of Coffea species, which can be surveyed for the gene sequences that will produce a more resistant phenotype.Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)FEDER PTDC/ASP-PLA/29779/2017FCT UNIT LEAF (UID/AGR/04129/2020

3D Printed Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels Using Free Form Fabrication Technique for Tissue Engineering

Three-Dimensional (3D) printing is a manufacturing method in which objects, such as scaffolds, are made by fusing or depositing various materials in layers. The biomedical applications of 3D printing are numerous and continue to grow exponentially. In the present study we designed, developed and fabricated a chemically cross linked honeycomb scaffold using Hyaluronic acid, Gelatin, Alginate, and singe walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for use in tissue engineering and tissue regenerative applications. All three polymers have been used in various tissue engineering applications from liver regeneration to interocular lens (IOL) replacements. Cross linking of the homogenous polymers were done in a calcium chloride (CaCl2) bath. Preliminary tests on non-3D printed hydrogel showed increased mechanical stability and a solid structure when compared to the brittle, and mechanically unstable non cross linked hydrogels

ALINHAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO DE NEGÓCIO E DA TECNOLOGIA DA INFORMAÇÃO EM INSTITUIÇÕES DE ENSINO SUPERIOR DA ACAFE

A tecnologia da informação no meio acadêmico é um instrumento essencial não apenas para o avanço e a difusão do conhecimento, mas também para a gestão. Deste modo, este trabalho teve por objetivo buscar respostas para entendimento de como se dá o alinhamento da estratégia de negócio (EN) com a tecnologia de informação (TI) em Instituições de Ensino Superior do Sistema ACAFE - Associação Catarinense das Fundações Educacionais. Para identificar os fatores de alinhamento foram realizadas entrevistas com gestores de seis IES, envolvendo dimensões dos conceitos de EN e de TI. Em sua grande maioria as IES utilizam a TI apenas para as suas atividades operacionais, tais como sistemas financeiro e acadêmico. Os gestores demonstraram ter um perfil estratégico conservador, não apresentando um mecanismo de monitoramento das mudanças do ambiente externo e do comportamento estratégico das instituições. Também não foi possível estabelecer uma conexão entre a estratégia de negócio das IES e o plano de TI. Portanto, os planos de desenvolvimento das IES pesquisadas não apresentam metas para TI consoante com aquelas apresentadas para negócios

Sub-grid effects of the Voigt viscoelastic regularization of a singular dyadic model of turbulence

In this work we investigate the spectral signature of Navier–Stokes–Voigt (NSV) viscoelastic fluid flows by employing numerical simulations of a singular dyadic shell model. Our results clearly show that as the relaxation time is increased above a threshold, the inertial range is reduced, conserving part of the large-scale statistics. These results differ drastically from the two power-law scenarios observed in a previous work, where the NSV model was studied via Sabra shell model simulations instead. We also show that the additional elastic term regularizes the singular dyadic model, which is the main reason behind this reduction of degrees of freedom. The results of this work aim at proposing the NSV regularization as a sub-grid model.Indisponível