Physical Activity Levels for Girls and Young Adult Women versus Boys and Young Adult Men in Spain: A Gender Gap Analysis

Despite that the health benefits of physical activity (PA) are clear, during the last years, a noticeable plateau or slight increase in physical inactivity levels in Spanish adolescents and young adults has been reported. In addition, there seems to be a progressive reduction of the total PA performed with age in both adolescent and young women as well as adult men. We aimed to analyze these changes with age in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a sample of Spanish adolescents and young adults within the age range of 15−24 years old (n = 7827), considering the gender and using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. For that, we implemented a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) considering both the gender and the age group surveyed. Generally, our findings showed a reduction in the daily MVPA performed from adolescence to young adulthood in Spaniards. Within these reductions, girls reduce their PA levels at a different age and pace in adolescence and young adulthood in comparison to boys. Though girls were less active than boys in the 15−18 year age range, these differences were no longer significant at older ages. Our results point out the necessity of implementing different policy approaches based on gender (i.e., for girls and young women), since reductions in the MVPA performed occur at particular ages and paces in comparison to boys and young men. This difference indicates that the traditional approach during adolescence and young adulthood is inadequate for tackling physical inactivity without considering the population’s gender

The Role of Exercise-Induced Arousal and Exposure to Blue-Enriched Lighting on Vigilance

It is currently assumed that exposure to an artificial blue-enriched light enhances human alertness and task performance, but recent research has suggested that behavioral effects are influenced by the basal state of arousal. Here, we tested whether the effect of blue-enriched lighting on vigilance performance depends on participants’ arousal level. Twenty-four participants completed four sessions (blue-enriched vs. dim light × low vs. high arousal) at 10 pm on four consecutive days, following a repeated-measures design. Participants’ arousal was manipulated parametrically through the execution of a cycling task at two intensities (low vs. moderate), and was checked by monitoring their heart rate. On each session, distal and proximal skin temperatures were recorded as a neuroergonomic index of vigilance, while participants performed a 20-min psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) under either blue-enriched light or dim light conditions. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale (RPE) were used to measure subjective psychological state. The results showed that the exercise-induced manipulation of arousal produced robust alerting effects in most measures, while the lighting manipulation only attenuated subjective sleepiness and enhanced positive affect, but it did not influence behavior or physiology. Acute exposure to a blue-enriched light was practically ineffective when the arousal level was over baseline. The present research favored the use of acute physical exercise over acute exposure to blue-enriched lighting in order to boost humans’ alertness when necessary, as in work settings where maintaining optimal levels of attention is difficult (shift work, night-work, vigilance tasks) and necessary to prevent human error and accidents

Arquitectura por horas

Los alumnos de proyectos 2 [grupos 9+11] de la E.T.S.A.S. realizan como ejercicio final de curso la acción urbana denominada “arquitectura por horas”, que se muestra en un contexto muy concurrido, La Puerta de Jerez y los espacios de la Casa de la Moneda de Sevilla. Los estudiantes, con esa acción colectiva, persiguen que los habitantes de la calle interactúen con una performance de objetos y descubrir en las reacciones los mecanismos que producen interacciones. La acción convierte la calle en un laboratorio social donde convergen acciones y respuestas. La actividad, que se ha desarrollado bajo el lema 'Reducir, reciclar, reutilizar'. Cinco acciones de ámbito académico pensadas para un contexto urbano que se recicla: usamos su materialidad y añadimos otros materiales procedentes de reciclajes: plástico, papel, metal, neumáticos, embalajes,… Cinco colores concurren sobre el tablero de juego: Negro, rojo, (blanco – verde), (amarillo – ocre), azul. Un contexto, la Casa de la Moneda y su entorno inmediato, previamente analizado y conocido. Las propuestas intentan conjugar planteamientos conceptuales con un proceso metódico de alegorías visuales, que son extremadamente sencillas y no están exentas de humor e ironía. Cinco Instalaciones efímeras que en cinco horas, se montan, interactúan y desaparecen. Se diseña un foro de intercambio de experiencias entre profesores, alumnos, viandantes,... La arquitectura como objeto y descubrimiento que desvela, superado el objeto en sí, como actúa sobre los sujetos y cual es su capacidad de provocar situaciones. El paseante toma partido ante lo insólito, inusual, inesperado,... y la experiencia se convierte en celebración de los pobladores de la calle. Sabemos que lo inusual, en ocasiones pasa inadvertido y en otras se presenta como revulsivo o subversivo. Durante cinco horas registramos imágenes del tránsito para documentar las respuestas a las provocaciones, el comportamiento del espectador ante el objeto. Acciones de réplica o indiferencias.The E.T.S.A.S. students from the course Proyectos2 [groups 9 and 11] performed as final exercise the urban action called “Architecture per hours”, within a concurred context: La Puerta de Jerez and the spaces from la Casa de la Moneda de Sevilla. The students pursue through this collective action that the people on the street interact through a performance with objects so the students can find out by their reactions the motions that the interactions generate. This performance turns the streets into a social laboratory where actions and responses are being converged. In addition, this activity has been worked out by the theme “Reduce, recycle, reuse”. The result is five educational actions thought for a specific context where recycling is important: we use its materiality and we add different materials of recycling, such as plastic, paper, metal, tires, cardboards… Five different colors are being played on the game board: black, red, whitegreen, yellow-ocher and blue. One concrete context: la Casa de la Moneda and its closest surroundings, which we previously analyzed and studied. The proposals try to mix up conceptual ideas with an intentional visual game, whose intentions are extremely simple and not far from humor and irony. In conclusion, five ephemeral interventions which are built, used and disappeared in only five hours. It is designed an exchange forum of collective experiences between professors, students, people on the street… Architecture is like an object which once is overcome, it can find out how to interact with the subjects and how far it can get to provoke a situation. The walking person takes part confronting the unusual, the extraordinary, the unexpected… So this experience is turned into a celebration by its public. We all know that the unusual is rarely noticed except when it shows revulsion or subversive. For more than five hours we recorded images and videos of the public flux so we could document the diverse responses and reactions caused by the objects, even the revulsion actions or the indifferent behaviors

The relationship between vigilance capacity and physical exercise: a mixed-effects multistudy analysis

We thank to all the participants who took part in the experiment.The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.A substantial body of work has depicted a positive association between physical exercise and cognition, although the key factors driving that link are still a matter of scientific debate. Here, we aimed to contribute further to that topic by pooling the data from seven studies (N = 361) conducted by our research group to examine whether cardiovascular fitness (VO2), sport type participation (externally-paced (e.g., football or basketball) and self-paced (e.g., triathlon or track and field athletes) vs. sedentary), or both, are crucial factors to explain the association between the regular practice of exercise and vigilance capacity. We controlled for relevant variables such as age and the method of VO2 estimation. The Psychomotor Vigilance Task was used to measure vigilance performance by means of reaction time (RT). The results showed that externally-paced sport practice (e.g., football) resulted in significantly shorter RT compared to self-paced sport (e.g., triathlon) and sedentary condition, depicting larger effects in children and adolescents than in adults. Further analyses revealed no significant effect of cardiovascular fitness and self-paced sport practice, in comparison to the sedentary condition, on RT. Our data point to the relevance of considering the type of sport practice over and above the level of cardiovascular fitness as crucial factor to explain the positive association between the regular practice of exercise and vigilance capacity.This research was supported by a postdoctoral grant from the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades” (FJCI-2016-28405) to Antonio Luque-Casado, predoctoral grants from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad to Luis F. Ciria (BES-2014-069050), and to Rafael Ballester (FPU13-05605), and research grants from the “Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad” (PSI2013-46385-P and PSI2016-75956-P) and the “Junta de Andalucía” (SEJ-6414) to Daniel Sanabri

Teaching materials in electronic format for medical education in the subject of Surgical Proceedings in the degree of Medicine

La Cirugía es la parte de la Medicina que tiene por objeto curar las enfermedades por medio de operaciones hechas con las manos o a través de instrumentos. Hasta ahora, la enseñanza de la asignatura de “Procedimientos Quirúrgicos”, que corresponde a los estudiantes de segundo curso del Grado en Medicina de la Universidad de Córdoba, se ha llevado a cabo según el estilo tradicional. Se ha llevado a cabo un proyecto específico de elaboración de una herramienta multimedia, en concreto, un ebook, con el contenido teórico y práctico de la asignatura de Procedimientos Quirúrgicos, para mejorar la docencia médica según las directrices del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES), fomentando así el desarrollo de una educación médica de calidad.Surgery is the branch of Medicine concerned with diseases and conditions requiring or amenable to operative or manual procedures. To date, teaching the subject of Surgical Procedures for 2nd-year students of the degree of Medicine has been done in a traditional manner. We have developed a specific project, with the creation of a multimedia resource consisting in an ebook with the theoretical and practical content of the Surgical Proceedings subject, in order to improve medical learning following the principles of the European Higher Education Area. This will aid in promoting the development of a high-quality medical teaching

Understanding Behavioral Regulation Towards Physical Activity Participation: Do We Need a Paradigm Shift to Close the Gender Gap?

Despite the well-established benefits of physical activity for both physical and psychological health, current inactivity prevalence continues to be particularly alarming among adolescents and youth. Equally of great concern is the existence of striking gender differences that represent a serious threat to reverse this problem. We aimed to analyze gender-related differences in self-reported physical activity and motivational regulations in a population-based sample of Spaniard adolescents and young adults (n = 9949). To this aim, we used an explanatory mixed-methods design by integrating quantitative and qualitative data using self-determination theory (SDT) as an analytic framework. Our results reported a gender imbalance in physical activity levels and autonomous forms of motivation to the detriment of adolescent girls and young women. An earlier and steeper age-related decline both in activity and volitional types of motivation was observed in girls. Qualitative outcomes depicted a range of key cognitive and contextual mechanisms undermining the degree to which physically active behaviors are volitionally undertaken among women. These findings highlight the importance of implementing gender-sensitive policy approaches and may have a useful application in suggesting how contextual factors and exercise settings can be addressed to foster volitional types of physical activity engagement in adolescent girls and young women

Arquitectura por Horas: acciones e interacciones en el espacio colectivo

Presentamos para esta publicación un artículo publicado en inglés e italiano en el año 2012 como “Architetture “Part time”. Azioni e interazioni per lo Spazio Collettivo” (“Architecture “Part time”. Actions and interactions for the collective space”), En Reduce-Recycle- Reuse, Arti performative in spazi urbani. De Vittorio Fiore, Francesca Castagneto, Lettera Ventidue Edicioni . Artículo por tanto, inédito en castellano. La vigencia, tanto de los ejercicios, como de las reflexiones, nos animan a publicarlo en esta ocasión, en su versión en castellano, tal y como fue publicado en los otros idiomas. Los cursos de los que se da cuenta, es la primera experiencia que el conjunto de profesores que la publican, realizaron en Proyectos 1 y Proyectos 2, dos cursos centrados en el proceso de creación, el papel del cuerpo en el proyecto y la construcción de lo real. Las premisas y los ejercicios propuestos (todos centrados en el desarrollo de procesos creativos de corta duración, en la interacción con el espacio urbano, colectivo y social , además de la necesidad impuesta de la ejecución a 1:1 de las propuestas), nos siguen apareciendo vigentes y las acciones trasladables a nuevas experiencias, para aprender, como en el texto expone, no tanto “qué es la arquitectura”, sino lo que en ella acontece.We presented for this publication an article published in English and Italian in 2012 as “Architetture “Part time”. Azioni e interazioni per lo Spazio Collettivo” (“Architecture “Part time”. Actions and interactions for the collective space”), En Reduce-Recycle- Reuse, Arti performative in spazi urbani. By Vittorio Fiore, Francesca Castagneto, Lettera Ventidue Edicioni . Article therefore, unpublished in Spanish. The validity, both of the exercises and of the reflections, encourage us to publish it on this occasion, in its version in Spanish, as it was published in the other languages. The courses of which he realizes, is the first experience that the set of teachers who publish it, carried out in Projects 1 and Projects 2, two courses focused on the creation process, the role of the body in the project and the construction of the real. The premises and the proposed exercises (all focused on the development of short-term creative processes, on interaction with urban, collective and social space, in addition to the imposed need for the implementation at 1:1 of the proposals), follow us appearing and actions transferable to new experiences, to learn, as in the text exposes, not so much “what is architecture”, but what is happening in it

Key factors associated with adherence to physical exercise in patients with chronic diseases and older adults: An umbrella review

Physical inactivity is a major concern and poor adherence to exercise programs is often reported. The aim of this paper was to systematically review published reviews on the study of adherence to physical exercise in chronic patients and older adults and to identify those adherence-related key factors more frequently suggested by reviews for that population. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Results were classified considering the target population and participants’ characteristics to identify the most repeated factors obtained for each condition. Fifty-five articles were finally included. Fourteen key factors were identified as relevant to increase adherence to physical exercise by at least ten reviews: (a) characteristics of the exercise program, (b) involvement of professionals from different disciplines, (c) supervision, (d) technology, (e) initial exploration of participant’s characteristics, barriers, and facilitators, (f) participants education, adequate expectations and knowledge about risks and benefits, (g) enjoyment and absence of unpleasant experiences, (h) integration in daily living, (i) social support and relatedness, (j) communication and feedback, (k) available progress information and monitoring, (l) self-efficacy and competence, (m) participant’s active role and (n) goal setting. Therefore, adherence to physical exercise is affected by several variables that can be controlled and modified by researchers and professionals.The study was conducted in the framework of the 2019 “Red de Adherencia al Ejercicio Físico en Pacientes con Enfermedades Crónicas”/“Adherence to physical exercise in patients with chronic patients network” (25/UPB/19) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Culture and Sport. This work was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities with a postdoctoral grant (FJCI-2016-28405) to A.L.-C. A.L.-C. and a predoctoral industrial grant (DIN2018-010129) to A.M.L.-P

Aproximación a un modelo lingüístico de sujeto

El presente trabajo aborda la elaboración de un modelo teórico de sujeto. Se considera que la conducta es consecuencia de un sistema teórico, el cual define al sujeto. Dicho sistema está estructurado en base a los dos tipos de juicio de realidad posibles: juicios de hecho y juicios de valor. Las relaciones entre ambos dan cuenta de la dinámica del sistema. Se considera la conducta verbal como paradigmática del sujeto