Utilizzo dell’olio extravergine d’oliva (EVOO) nel trattamento di un’ulcera traumatica nel cavo orale. Un case report

Introduzione L'olio extravergine di oliva (EVOO) è un alimento essenziale della dieta mediterranea (MD) e alcuni paesi dell'area mediterranea come Italia, Spagna e Grecia rappresentano i maggiori e più importanti produttori in tutto il mondo. In un’area geografica del sud Italia e precisamente in tutto l’agro del nord-barese della Puglia, viene prodotto un particolare tipo di olio extravergine d’oliva dalla cultivar “Coratina” caratterizzata dalla presenza di un alto contenuto in polifenoli, il più alto rispetto ad altre cultivar (1) e molto ricco di biocomposti. Fin dal secolo scorso, era consuetudine per gli abitanti della zona utilizzarlo per la cura di varie patologie: ustioni, traumi, cheiliti e processi infiammatori di varia natura. Con il tempo, questa pratica è andata via via scomparendo e quasi dimenticata. Negli ultimi decenni sono stati pubblicati numerosi studi che hanno documentato come la maggior parte degli effetti benefici della dieta mediterranea nella promozione della salute umana, può essere attribuita al consumo di olio extravergine di oliva(EVOO) (2). Il consumo di olio extravergine d'oliva è in grado di ridurre l'ossidazione lipidica e del DNA, migliorare il profilo lipidico e l'insulino-resistenza, la disfunzione endoteliale, l'infiammazione, ridurre la pressione sanguigna nei pazienti ipertesi e modificare la risposta delle difese immunitarie (3, 4). Nonostante il suo vasto utilizzo e sebbene numerosi studi sull'olio extravergine di oliva abbiano dimostrato la sua notevole efficacia nella guarigione delle ustioni della cute (5,6,7), delle piaghe da decubito (8) e delle ferite del piede nel paziente diabetico (9), nessuno studio scientifico è stato proposto per la terapia delle ulcere traumatiche nel cavo orale. In questo case-report abbiamo deciso di utilizzare l’EVOO come presidio terapeutico nel trattamento delle lesioni della mucosa orale in una paziente portatrice di protesi su impianti. Parole chiave: olio extravergine di oliva, polifenoli, cultivar Coratina, ulcere traumatiche

Use of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) in the treatment of traumatic ulcers. A case report

Introduction Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is an essential food of the Mediterranean diet (MD) and some countries in the Mediterranean area such as Italy, Spain and Greece represent the largest and most important producers in the world. In Southern Italy, precisely all through the countryside of the north of Bari in Apulia, is produced a particular type of extra virgin olive oil by cultivar "Coratina" characterized by the presence of a high content of polyphenols, the highest compared to other cultivars (1) and very rich in biocompounds. Since the last century, it was customary for the inhabitants of the area to use it for the treatment of various diseases: burns, trauma, cheilitis and processes inflammation of various kinds. Over time, this practice has gradually disappeared and almost forgotten. In recent decades, numerous studies have been published which have documented most of the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet in promoting human health. Its beneficial effects can largely be attributed to the consumption of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) (2). The consumption of extra virgin olive oil is able to reduce lipid and DNA oxidation, improve the lipid profile and insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients and modify the response of the immune system (3, 4). Despite its extensive use and although numerous studies on extra virgin olive oil have shown its remarkable effectiveness in healing skin burns (5, 6, 7), bedsores (8) and foot wounds in the diabetic patient (9), no scientific studies have been proposed for the treatment of traumatic ulcers in the oral cavity. In this case - report, we decided to use EVOO as a therapeutic aid in the treatment of mucosal oral injury in a prosthesis on implant-bearer patient. Key words: extra virgin olive oil, polyphenols, “Coratina” cultivar, traumatic ulcers

Use of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) in the Treatment of Traumatic Ulcers Case Report

In a particular geographical area of southern Italy (BT, Puglia) a particular type of extra virgin olive oil(EVOO) is produced from the "Coratina" [1] cultivar very rich in polyphenols and biocompounds , and it has been custom since the last century for inhabitants to use it for the treatment of various pathologies, including burns, trauma, inflammatory cheilitis of various kinds. However, despite its extensive use, no scientific studies have been proposed, although numerous studies on olive oil have demonstrated its remarkable effectiveness in healing wounds following skin burns [2,3,4,5,6], in healing foot wounds in diabetic patients [5]. In bedsores with progress this practice has gradually disappeared and almost forgotten. In addition, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is an essential food of the Mediterranean diet (MD) and countries in the Mediterranean area such as Spain, Italy and Greece represent the most important producers in the world. As documented by numerous studies published in recent decades, most of the beneficial effects of the MD on promoting human health can be attributed to EVOO [7]. Consumption of olive oil is able to reduce lipid and DNA oxidation, improve the lipid profile and insulin resistance , endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients and change the response of the immune system [8,9]. Precisely for the antiinflammatory power that the oil possesses and for the traditions handed down by our ancestors, we decided to use EVOO as therapy in the treatment of a lesion of the mucous membrane in patient wearing prostheses on implants

ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA IN COELIAC CHILDREN: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY

Coeliac disease is a systemic immune-mediated primary small bowel disease characterized by inflammation in the small intestine and is sometimes called gluten-sensitive enteropathy or celiac sprue. Patients could have malabsorption, which results in hypersensitivity to gluten found in cereal products. This pathology determines effects on the oral cavity, documented in scientific literature, including dental erosions, mouth ulcers, angular cheilitis, migratory glossitis. The purpose of this work is to observe the prevalence of dental enamel hypoplasia in a sample of 212 coeliac patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS 212 coeliac patients were included in this study, with a confirmed histological diagnosis, between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Patients underwent a dental examination, where it was recorded the possible presence of enamel hypoplasia, the severity of the hypoplasia (from the first to the fourth degree), and which elements were interesting. RESULTS 162 out of 212 celiac patients had enamel hypoplasia. 60% of them had grade 1, 19% of them grade 2, 8% grade 3, 14% grade 4. The most frequently involved elements were incisors (52% of cases), and molars (26%). DISCUSSION Previous works have highlighted a close correlation between enamel hypoplasia and celiac disease. In a very recent study of 60 pediatric celiac patients, the authors pointed out that 20 had these type of enamel lesions. Another Brazilian study performed on 40 celiac patients and 40 controlled patients showed that in the first group 65% had enamel hypoplasia compared to 35% of non-celiac patients. Our data highlight, with a much larger sample of the population, that the correlation is even higher. CONCLUSION The recognition of these lesions by the dentist could be very useful in intercepting an unknown celiac disease, intervening promptly, and improving the patient's prognosis and systemic health

Assessment of Oral Microbiome Changes in Healthy and COVID-19-Affected Pregnant Women: A Narrative Review

During pregnancy, there are several metabolic changes and an alteration in the composition of microorganisms that inhabit the oral cavity, with an increase in pathogenic bacteria that promote the onset of gingival diseases. This review is based on research in reference to the PICO model (Problem/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome), related to changes in the oral microbiome of pregnant women and possible oral consequences in patients with COVID-19. The results showed a growth of some pathogenic bacteria in pregnant women, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and the selective growth of the Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella species, probably due to the fact that these bacteria use progesterone as a source of nutrition. These same bacteria are implicated in the development of periodontal disease. Periodontal pockets have bidirectional interactions between the oral cavity and the systemic circulatory system through the peripheral gingival blood vessels. The affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to specific membrane receptors is now clear, and could involve the internal and external epithelial lining or the fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament. According to the results of the present review, the control of oral microbiome changes during pregnancy would be welcomed. The use of probiotics could help clinicians manage pregnant patients, reducing inflammatory indexes. Future studies should focus not only on changes in the level of the oral microbiome in pregnancy or the correlation between periodontal disease and COVID-19, but also on oral changes induced by both clinical situations

Assessment of Oral Microbiome Changes in Healthy and COVID-19-Affected Pregnant Women: A Narrative Review

During pregnancy, there are several metabolic changes and an alteration in the composition of microorganisms that inhabit the oral cavity, with an increase in pathogenic bacteria that promote the onset of gingival diseases. This review is based on research in reference to the PICO model (Problem/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome), related to changes in the oral microbiome of pregnant women and possible oral consequences in patients with COVID-19. The results showed a growth of some pathogenic bacteria in pregnant women, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and the selective growth of the Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella species, probably due to the fact that these bacteria use progesterone as a source of nutrition. These same bacteria are implicated in the development of periodontal disease. Periodontal pockets have bidirectional interactions between the oral cavity and the systemic circulatory system through the peripheral gingival blood vessels. The affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to specific membrane receptors is now clear, and could involve the internal and external epithelial lining or the fibroblasts of the periodontal ligament. According to the results of the present review, the control of oral microbiome changes during pregnancy would be welcomed. The use of probiotics could help clinicians manage pregnant patients, reducing inflammatory indexes. Future studies should focus not only on changes in the level of the oral microbiome in pregnancy or the correlation between periodontal disease and COVID-19, but also on oral changes induced by both clinical situations

Assessment of Genetical, Pre, Peri and Post Natal Risk Factors of Deciduous Molar Hypomineralization (DMH), Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM) and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH): A Narrative Review

Objectives: Analyze defects in the state of maturation of the enamel result in an adequate volume of enamel, but in an insufficient mineralization, which can affect both deciduous teeth and permanent teeth. Among the most common defects, we recognize Deciduous Molar Hypominerlization (DMH), Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM), and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH). These, in fact, affect the first deciduous molars, the second deciduous molars and molars, and permanent incisors, respectively, but their etiology remains unclear. The objective of the paper is to review studies that focus on investigating possible associations between genetic factors or prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes and these enamel defects. Materials and methods: A comprehensive and bibliometric search for publications until January 2021 was conducted. The research question was formulated following the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome strategy. Case-control, cross-sectional, cohort studies, and clinical trials investigating genetic and environmental etiological factors of enamel defects were included. Results: Twenty-five articles are included. For genetic factors, there is a statistical relevance for SNPs expressed in the secretion or maturation stage of amelogenesis (16% of studies and 80% of studies that investigated these factors). For prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal causes, there is a statistical relevance for postnatal factors, such as the breastfeeding period (2%), asthma (16%), high fever episodes (20%), infections/illnesses (20%), chickenpox (12%), antibiotic intake (8%), diarrhea (4%), and pneumonia (4%). Conclusions: The results are in agreement with the multifactorial idea of the dental enamel defects etiology, but to prove this, further studies enrolling larger, well-diagnosed, and different ethnic populations are necessary to expand the investigation of the genetic and environmental factors that might influence the occurrence of DMH, HPSM, and MIH