Разработка эффективной маркетинговой стратегии ценообразования на новую промышленную продукцию

Marketing approach to industrial product pricing which takes into account presence of real consumer profits in goods has been considered in the paper. Methods of parametrical pricing that permit to calculate the price with due account of technical-and-operational indices have been analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods have been revealed. Issues concerning the application of correlation and regression pricing patterns on tractor machinery are presented in the paper. Significance of tractor parameters and procedure of their offer to the world market are studied.Рассмотрен маркетинговый подход к ценообразованию на промышленную продукцию, учитывающий наличие в товаре искомых потребительских выгод. Проведен анализ методов параметрического ценообразования, позволяющих проводить расчет цены с учетом ее технико-эксплуатационных показателей, выявлены их достоинства и недостатки. Представлены вопросы использования корреляционно-регрессионных моделей ценообразования на тракторную технику, проведен анализ значимости параметров тракторов и структуры их предложения на мировом рынке

Направленные ответвители-соединители

Наведені результати розробки спрямованих відгачужувачів, що одночасно виконують функції з'єднання окремих вузлів НВЧ апаратуриThe results of development directed cou¬plers are given which simultaneously has function of connection of separate units of a UHF apparatesПриведены результаты разработки направленных ответвителей, которые одновременно выполняют функцыю соединения отдельных узлов СВЧ апаратур

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ХРАНЕНИЯ НА ОРГАНОЛЕПТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КОНСЕРВИРОВАННЫХ ПЛОДОВ ТОМАТА

Preservation of tomatoes takes place by appropriate preparation of raw materials, packing in a container and sealing it with subsequent heat treatment. In the course of our studies on the suitability  of new varieties  for canning, we noted that all varieties  reacted differently  to heat treatment. For example, the forward variety, which has high taste qualities, had a sugar-acid index of 8,44,  compared to 7,04-7,51  in other varieties,  the tasting commission was estimated at 3,1-4,6 points, which is lower than other varieties, due to cracking of the skin of the fetus. After a year of storage, the sugar and acid index, depending on the variant, was 9,18-9,93, which indicates high taste qualities of the fruit. It was noted that the higher flavor qualities, regardless of the storage time, were in option 2.  For the varieties  Festive, Carat and Forward, the best was option 3. By the end of storage, it was 11,82 for the Festive variety, 10,51  for the variety Karat and 11,98  from Forward. According to the sugar-acid index of all the varieties studied, we distinguished Forward. We found that the sugar-acid index was higher than the taste, both before and after canning, in all varieties,  indicating  their high taste qualities. A higher score was given to variants 1 (control), 3 and 4. In variant 5, a sharper smell of garlic was noted.Консервирование плодов  томата   происходит путем  соответствующей подготовки сырья, закладки  в тару и ее герметизации с последующей тепловой  обработкой.  В процессе проведенных исследований на пригодность новых сортов для консервирования нами отмечено,  что все сорта по-разному реагировали на тепловую обработку. Так, сорт Форвард, отличающийся высокими вкусовыми качествами, имел сахаро-кислотный индекс 8,44, против 7,04-7,51 у других сортов, дегустационной комиссией был оценен в 3,1-4,6 балла, что ниже других сортов, из-за растрескивания кожицы плода. После года хранения сахаро-кислотный индекс в зависимости от варианта  составил   9,18-9,93, что указывает  на высокие  вкусовые  качества плодов.  Отмечено, что более высокие вкусовые качества независимо от продолжительности хранения были в варианте 2. Для сортов Праздничный,  Карат и Форвард лучшим оказался вариант 3. К концу хранения он составлял 11,82 у сорта Праздничный, 10,51 – у сорта Карат и 11,98 – у сорта Форвард. По сахарно-кислотному  показателю из всех изучаемых сортов выделился  сорт Форвард. Нами было установлено, что по вкусовым  качествам, как до консервирования, так и после у всех сортов сахаро-кислотный индекс был выше 7, что указывает на их высокие вкусовые качества. Более высокая оценка была дана вариантам 1 (контроль), 3 и 4. В варианте 5 отмечен более резкий запах чеснока

Estimated Risk for Altered Fetal Growth Resulting from Exposure to Fine Particles during Pregnancy: An Epidemiologic Prospective Cohort Study in Poland

The purpose of this study was to estimate exposure of pregnant women in Poland to fine particulate matter [≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM(2.5))] and to assess its effect on the birth outcomes. The cohort consisted of 362 pregnant women who gave birth between 34 and 43 weeks of gestation. The enrollment included only nonsmoking women with singleton pregnancies, 18–35 years of age, who were free from chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. PM(2.5) was measured by personal air monitoring over 48 hr during the second trimester of pregnancy. All assessed birth effects were adjusted in multiple linear regression models for potential confounding factors such as the size of mother (maternal height, prepregnancy weight), parity, sex of child, gestational age, season of birth, and self-reported environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The regression model explained 35% of the variability in birth weight (β = −200.8, p = 0.03), and both regression coefficients for PM(2.5) and birth length (β = −1.44, p = 0.01) and head circumference (HC; β = −0.73, p = 0.02) were significant as well. In all regression models, the effect of ETS was insignificant. Predicted reduction in birth weight at an increase of exposure from 10 to 50 μg/m(3) was 140.3 g. The corresponding predicted reduction of birth length would be 1.0 cm, and of HC, 0.5 cm. The study provides new and convincing epidemiologic evidence that high personal exposure to fine particles is associated with adverse effects on the developing fetus. These results indicate the need to reduce ambient fine particulate concentrations. However, further research should establish possible biologic mechanisms explaining the observed relationship

Secreted Human Amyloid Precursor Protein Binds Semaphorin 3a and Prevents Semaphorin-Induced Growth Cone Collapse

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is well known for giving rise to the amyloid-β peptide and for its role in Alzheimer's disease. Much less is known, however, on the physiological roles of APP in the development and plasticity of the central nervous system. We have used phage display of a peptide library to identify high-affinity ligands of purified recombinant human sAPPα695 (the soluble, secreted ectodomain from the main neuronal APP isoform). Two peptides thus selected exhibited significant homologies with the conserved extracellular domain of several members of the semaphorin (Sema) family of axon guidance proteins. We show that sAPPα695 binds both purified recombinant Sema3A and Sema3A secreted by transfected HEK293 cells. Interestingly, sAPPα695 inhibited the collapse of embryonic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) dorsal root ganglia growth cones promoted by Sema3A (Kd≤8·10−9 M). Two Sema3A-derived peptides homologous to the peptides isolated by phage display blocked sAPPα binding and its inhibitory action on Sema3A function. These two peptides are comprised within a domain previously shown to be involved in binding of Sema3A to its cellular receptor, suggesting a competitive mechanism by which sAPPα modulates the biological action of semaphorins

Development of the Effective Marketing Strategy of New Industrial Product Pricing

Marketing approach to industrial product pricing which takes into account presence of real consumer profits in goods has been considered in the paper. Methods of parametrical pricing that permit to calculate the price with due account of technical-and-operational indices have been analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods have been revealed. Issues concerning the application of correlation and regression pricing patterns on tractor machinery are presented in the paper. Significance of tractor parameters and procedure of their offer to the world market are studied

Composition of Hydrothermal–Catalytic Conversion Products of Asphaltite from the Spiridonovskoe Oilfield

© 2019, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Abstract: It has been shown that the hydrothermal–catalytic conversion of solid natural asphaltite of the Spiridonovskoe oilfield (Republic of Tatarstan) at 250°C in the presence of hematite yields liquid products with a reduced amount of resins and asphaltenes. At the same time, a dispersed phase of insoluble carburized substances of the carbene and carboid types appears in the conversion products. The structural-group and molecular compositions of oils in the liquid products of conversion, which are enriched in aromatic, polycycloaromatic, and carbonyl-containing structural units and sulfoxides according to 1H NMR and IR data, have been determined. It has been established that the molecular composition of oils from the initial asphaltite and its conversion products is almost the same, but there are changes in the relative amount of various types of compounds. A low concentration of alkanes and an increased concentration of triterpanes characterize the initial Spiridonovskoe asphaltite as a biodegraded object. In the conversion products, the relative amount of alkanes has sharply increased and the concentrations of tri- and tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HC) and dibenzothiophenes have become greater. The proportion of phenanthrenes and tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has increased by factors of 9.3 and 2.6, respectively, and alkylcyclohexanes have been identified, which are absent in the original asphaltite. But the relative amount of polycyclic naphthenes (pregnanes, steranes, cheilanthanes, and hopanes) significantly decreased. The revealed differences are apparently determined by the scale of generation of these compounds by the degradation of resins and asphaltenes, in which the compounds occur as structural units of molecules or in an adsorbed and/or occluded form

Features of the change in the composition heavy oils of various types and solid asphaltite in the hydrothermal-catalytic conditions

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. The paper reveals the distinctive features of the change in the composition heavy oils of various types and of natural bitumen- A sphaltite from the sandstones of the Permian sediments of the Spiridonovsky field in the territory of Tatarstan, in model experiments at a temperature of 250°C, characteristic for steam-thermal impact on the formation, and the pressure in the system of not more than 2 MPa. The choice of low pressure is due to the fact that bituminous rocks in the Permian sediments occur at relatively shallow depths in the near-surface deposits of the sedimentary strata, which necessitates the development of special technologies for their extraction. The experiments used natural iron oxide-hematite. As a part of the products of asphaltite conversion under the influence of hydrothermal-catalytic factors, the content of hydrocarbons almost 4-fold, the content of alcohol-benzene resins and asphaltenes decreases. The content of benzene resins increases somewhat. The composition of asphaltite proved to be less stable than of heavy oils from age-old sediments, apparently due to special conditions for the formation of its composition in natural conditions under the influence of secondary low-temperature biochemical processes that led to the accumulation of thermally unstable resinous-asphaltene components. Compared with the original asphaltite, in the products of the experiment, the content of alkanes of composition C10-C30 substantially increases with an obvious predominance of homologues with an even number of carbon atoms in the molecule. The product is characterized by a lesser degree of aromaticity and content of sulfoxide groups. The results of the studies showed the possibility of upgrading the composition of solid bitumen- A sphaltite in in situ conversion by diluting its composition with lighter newly formed hydrocarbons, due to the destruction of its high molecular weight components

EFFECT OF STORAGE DURATION FOR ORGANOLEPTIC INDICATORS OF CANNED TOMATOES

Preservation of tomatoes takes place by appropriate preparation of raw materials, packing in a container and sealing it with subsequent heat treatment. In the course of our studies on the suitability  of new varieties  for canning, we noted that all varieties  reacted differently  to heat treatment. For example, the forward variety, which has high taste qualities, had a sugar-acid index of 8,44,  compared to 7,04-7,51  in other varieties,  the tasting commission was estimated at 3,1-4,6 points, which is lower than other varieties, due to cracking of the skin of the fetus. After a year of storage, the sugar and acid index, depending on the variant, was 9,18-9,93, which indicates high taste qualities of the fruit. It was noted that the higher flavor qualities, regardless of the storage time, were in option 2.  For the varieties  Festive, Carat and Forward, the best was option 3. By the end of storage, it was 11,82 for the Festive variety, 10,51  for the variety Karat and 11,98  from Forward. According to the sugar-acid index of all the varieties studied, we distinguished Forward. We found that the sugar-acid index was higher than the taste, both before and after canning, in all varieties,  indicating  their high taste qualities. A higher score was given to variants 1 (control), 3 and 4. In variant 5, a sharper smell of garlic was noted