PHENOTYPES

Excel file with the raw phenotype data in different worksheets

GENOTYPES

Excel file with the genotypes at each Acp marker in the second and third chromosome lines. 1=AA, 2 = CC, 3 = GG, 4 = TT, 5 = INSERTION, 6 = DELETION, NaN = MISSING DAT

Acp26Aa alignments

MEGA forma

Supplemental Material for Wolters et al., 2018

Figure S1: Mitochondrial Recombinants<br>Tables S1-11. All growth measures used for analyses are provided in Tables S6, S7 and S8.<br><br><br

Titanium dioxide nanoparticle exposure alters metabolic homeostasis in a cell culture model of the intestinal epithelium and <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>

<p>Nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a common additive in food and cosmetic products. The goal of this study was to investigate if TiO₂ nanoparticles affect intestinal epithelial tissues, normal intestinal function, or metabolic homeostasis using <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> methods. An <i>in vitro</i> model of intestinal epithelial tissue was created by seeding co-cultures of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells on a Transwell permeable support. These experiments were repeated with monolayers that had been cultured with the beneficial commensal bacteria <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG</i> (<i>L. rhamnosus</i>). Glucose uptake and transport in the presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles was assessed using fluorescent glucose analog 2-(<i>N</i>-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG). When the cell monolayers were exposed to physiologically relevant doses of TiO₂, a statistically significant reduction in glucose transport was observed. These differences in glucose absorption were eliminated in the presence of beneficial bacteria. The decrease in glucose absorption was caused by damage to intestinal microvilli, which decreased the surface area available for absorption. Damage to microvilli was ameliorated in the presence of <i>L. rhamnosus</i>. Complimentary studies in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> showed that TiO₂ ingestion resulted in decreased body size and glucose content. The results suggest that TiO₂ nanoparticles alter glucose transport across the intestinal epithelium, and that TiO₂ nanoparticle ingestion may have physiological consequences.</p