Metabolismo e distribuição do flúor em ovinos jovens tratados cronicamente com fluoreto de sódio

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o metabolismo do flúor (F) em ovinos. Para tanto, utilizaram-se 12 animais, com cinco meses de idade, os quais receberam como dieta base 3% do peso vivo de feno de alfafa e água ad libitum. Os animais foram divididos e constituíram um grupo Controle, que recebeu apenas sal iodado (5g de NaCl/animal + 0,2mg I/kg matéria seca) e, um grupo Tratado, que recebeu sal iodado adicionado de fluoreto de sódio (4,7mg F/kg de peso corporal). Esses sais foram administrados via sonda oro-esofágica, diariamente por um período de 150 dias. Para análise de F, coletaram-se amostras de sangue, urina e fezes e, ao fim do período experimental, após a eutanásia dos animais, coletou-se a glândula pineal e amostras de osso. Também nesta ocasião, coletou-se uma amostra de rim para exame histopatológico. Analisando-se os teores séricos, urinários e ósseos de F, verificou-se que foram significativamente superiores nos animais Tratados em relação aos Controles. Quanto ao F contido na glândula pineal, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Na análise histológica do rim, não foram observadas alterações. Conclui-se que a administração crônica de flúor induz ao acúmulo desse elemento nos ossos, mesmo havendo um alto teor de cálcio na alimentação e esse acúmulo parece não ser nocivo aos animais. Em ovinos, a capacidade orgânica de acúmulo ósseo e excreção urinária do flúor é diferente de outras espécies animais

Speciation and Degradation of Triphenyltin in Typical Paddy Fields and Its Uptake into Rice Plants

Triphenyltin (TPhT) is a biocide used worldwide in agriculture, especially in rice crop farming. The distribution and dissipation of TPhT in rice fields, as well as uptake of TPhT and other phenyltin compounds (monophenyltin, MPhT, and diphenyltin, DPhT) is still unknown at present. In this study, speciation analysis of phenyltin compounds was carried out in soil and water from a rice field where TPhT was applied during rice seeding according to legal application rates in Brazil. The results indicate the degradation of biocide and distribution of tin species into soil and water. To evaluate whether TPhT is taken up by plants, rice plants were exposed to three different TPhT application rates in a controlled mesocosm during 7 weeks. After this period, tin speciation was determined in soil, roots, leaves, and grains of rice. Degradation of TPhT was observed in soil, where DPhT and MPhT were detected. MPhT, DPhT, and TPhT were also detected in the roots of plants exposed to all TPhT application rates. Only TPhT was detected in leaves and at relatively low concentration, suggesting selective transport of TPhT in the xylem, in contrast to DPhT and MPhT. Concentration of phenyltin species in rice grains was lower than the limit of detection, suggesting that rice plants do not have the capability to take up TPhT from soil and transport it to the grains

Sediment Removal from Crude Oil Emulsion using Microwave Radiation

Microwave radiation in closed vessels was applied for removal of sediments from crude oil allowing the subsequent crude oil characterization in laboratory. Heating time and microwave power were evaluated in the range of 5 to 30 s and 300 to 1400 W, respectively. Sediment content was determined using the method recommended by ASTM D 4807-05 based on a filtration step in a membrane before and after sediment removal. Water and chloride contents were determined in the oil phase obtained after sediment removal. Up to eight samples of 20 g of crude oil could be simultaneously processed. Sediment removal efficiency was better than 95%. It was possible to obtain crude oil in a suitable condition for determination of routine parameters as API gravity, density, viscosity and total acid number without interferences caused by sediments or even water and salt