Early experiences from migrating to the hla evolved C++ and java APIs

Several previous papers have described a number of new concepts and services in the HLA Evolved (IEEE 1516-2009) standard, such as fault tolerance, update rate reduction and modular FOMs. This paper focuses on the particulars of the updated C++ and Java APIs. One reason for updating the APIs is to support the new or extended HLA functionality. Another reason is to make it easier to switch between different RTI implementations by simply replacing an RTI library file. This paper describes some early experiences from migrating from HLA 1.3 and HLA 1516-2000 to the new C++ and Java APIs for some commonly used HLA functionality. It is based on migration work done both for some basic federates as well as some general-purpose HLA tools. Both the C++ and Java APIs have seen an evolution in the data types used for handles, which will affect every migration effort. For the C++ API there are also changes in the memory management schemes. The way that optional arguments are handled in the APIs has also evolved. All federates will need to introduce the new connect/join sequence. Otherwise the majority of the HLA service functionality is very similar to earlier HLA versions or even simplified. Federates still using HLA 1.3 DDM may however need a major revision. A few basic examples of using the new Encoding helpers are also given. This paper also shows how the new standardized time types are used. Some properties of the HLA Evolved Dynamic Link Compatibility API (EDLC API) based on the earlier SISO DLC standard (SISO-STD-004.1-2004) are explained in detail. One particular feature here is the ability to dynamically choose between different RTI implementations at runtime. The relationship between the link compatibility, standardized time types and extendable transportation types is also explained. This paper isn\u27t a complete migration cookbook. Still it is intended to give developers some insights that are useful for planning their HLA Evolved migration efforts

College Choice and Subsequent Earnings: Results Using Swedish Sibling Data

Using data on 19,000 whole siblings, it is shown that earnings vary significantly among students who have graduated from different colleges. The cross-section estimates are up to twice the within-family estimates, indicating that a regression estimator of college effects that does not adjust properly for family characteristics will overestimate the earnings premium of college. This study also shows that the effects of college choice vary between sisters and brothers and that there is a relationship between teacher quality and the college effects. These findings suggest that there is no straightforward interpretation of college in individual earnings equations. Copyright The editors of the "Scandinavian Journal of Economics", 2005 .

Labels, identity, and narratives in children with primary speech and language impairments

Over time, the labels used for various speech and language impairments change. For example, language impairment in children has been called developmental dysphasia/aphasia, language impairment/ disorder/delay/difficulties (Bishop, 2013). Changes in labels reflect our evolving understanding of the nature of a disorder but also the changing social context and mores. Currently a number of terms are in use for speech and language impairments which may be used differently by practitioners and researchers in education and health contexts. For example, the phrase ‘speech, language, and communication needs’ (SLCN) was coined in the UK by the Bercow review to encompass the widest range of these impairments. However the term is used and understood in a variety of ways by different professionals and not used at all by parents (Dockrell, Lindsay, Roulstone, & Law, 2014; Roulstone & Lindsay, 2012). The use of other labels such as specific language impairment or language delay is by no means straightforward as recent debates have illustrated (Bishop, 2014; Reilly et al., 2014). That debate reflected the views of academics, clinicians, educators, and parents (Bishop, 2014; Huneke & Lascelles, 2014; Lauchlan & Boyle, 2014). While professionals debate the best label to describe language impairments, it is evident that language impairments are not well understood in the public domain when compared with other diagnostic categories such as Autism, and ADHD (Kamhi, 2004)