Optimizing The Use of Cassava Plant and its Byproduct as Ruminant Feed

An alternative to overcome the lack of feed is to use local feed resources. Cassava (Manihot utilissima) is a tropical plant that grows easily in all types of soil. At the time of harvest, the price is relatively cheap. Cassava has a low nutritive value, especially in crude protein, but it is a potential source of energy. The research to optimize the use of cassava as feed is by enrichment of its nutritional value, production of single cell protein or supplementation with other feed ingredient. Cassava leaves or hay contain high protein level so that it can be used as protein source. However, its utilization is limited by anti nutritive compounds, such as cyanide acid and linamarin. It can be overcome by physical, chemical and biological treatments as detoxification. The use of cassava in livestock feed requires a formulation strategy to obtain the optimal productivity.   Key words: Byproducts, cassava, feed, cattl

Pemanfaatan Feses Kambing sebagai Sumber Mikrobia dan Enzim Mikrobia Pengganti Cairan Rumen

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Pemanfaatan Feses Kambing sebagai Sumber Mikrobia dan Enzim Mikrobia Pengganti Cairan Rumen

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The potential role of Indigofera zollingeriana as a high-quality forage for cattle in Indonesia

Ownership of cattle in Indonesia is dominated by smallholder farmers, who rely heavily on low-quality mature grasses and crop residues as animal feed. Forage tree legumes (FTLs) provide a practical and profitable option for supplying nutrients limiting cattle growth and reproduction, especially during the dry months. Indigofera zollingeriana is a tall, high-yielding plant under investigation as feed, which can produce edible plant material exceeding 4 t dry matter (DM)/ha/harvest, when cut every 68 days. I. zollingeriana is adapted to a relatively wide range of climatic conditions and soil-types, with notable high tolerance of acidic soils. Forage quality is high, with high crude protein (265 g/kg DM average) and low fiber (367 g neutral detergent fiber/kg DM) concentrations and high in vitro DM digestibility (72.6%). It contains no identified anti-nutritional compounds but concentration of indospicine, a recognized toxic contaminant in some species of Indigofera, is currently unknown. Information on animal responses to feeding I. zollingeriana is limited, especially for cattle, but research suggests growth responses in goats are comparable with those for other available FTLs. Research to date suggests I. zollingeriana could be a valuable addition to FTLs currently available in Indonesia, especially for acidic soils, but further information is required on performance on saline soils, persistence under regular harvesting, indospicine status, acceptance by cattle and effects on their productivity

Energy supplements for leucaena

Leucaena can be fed as the sole diet to fattening cattle without nutritional problems and it will promote high liveweight gains. The high crude protein concentration in leucaena suggests that energy supplements, which are readily fermented in the rumen, could be used to capture the excess rumen degradable protein and provide more microbial protein and metabolizable energy to the animal, further increasing liveweight gain or milk production. This approach has been tested in grazing cattle and also in cut-and-carry systems in Australia and Indonesia. In both systems, production (liveweight gain or milk production) increased with the addition of supplements containing large amounts of fermentable metabolizable energy. The substitution of the basal diet (leucaena or leucaena mixed with grass or crop residues) by the supplement also means that more animals can be carried in the system for a set amount or area of leucaena. The same principles would apply to any tree legume-based system. Energy supplements can come in many forms, viz. fermentable starch (cereal grains and cassava), sugars (molasses), pectins (soybean hulls and pulps) and fibre (rice bran, cassava bagasse), but they have not been compared for their efficacy nor for their economic benefit, if any, in these systems

Energy supplements for Leucaena

Leucaena can be fed as the sole diet to fattening cattle without nutritional problems and it will promote high liveweight gains. The high crude protein concentration in leucaena suggests that energy supplements, which are readily fermented in the rumen, could be used to capture the excess rumen degradable protein and provide more microbial protein and metabolizable energy to the animal, further increasing liveweight gain or milk production. This approach has been tested in grazing cattle and also in cut-and-carry systems in Australia and Indonesia. In both systems, production (liveweight gain or milk production) increased with the addition of supplements containing large amounts of fermentable metabolizable energy. The substitution of the basal diet (leucaena or leucaena mixed with grass or crop residues) by the supplement also means that more animals can be carried in the system for a set amount or area of leucaena. The same principles would apply to any tree legume-based system. Energy supplements can come in many forms, viz. fermentable starch (cereal grains and cassava), sugars (molasses), pectins (soybean hulls and pulps) and fibre (rice bran, cassava bagasse), but they have not been compared for their efficacy nor for their economic benefit, if any, in these systems

Protected Fatty Acid- Amino Acid as Energy Source for Fattening Ongole Crossbred Cattle

Providing feed to the ruminants often has obstacles especially energy and protein because of seasonal changes. A supplement containing high-density energy and amino acid will be useful for cattle especially when insufficient energy occurs during the dry season. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a protected fatty acid-amino acid supplement for fattening cattle. A complete randomized block design was applied, with different level of protected fatty acid-amino acid addition as treatments A: null; B: 0.3 g/kg LW and C: 0.6 g/kg LW with 10 heads in each group. Thirty Ongole crossbred bulls were used with the initial liveweight (LW) ± sem (478.2 ± 13.5) kg. The bulls offered ad libitum concentrate containing 16% crude protein and 65% total digestible nutrient and elephant grass. The supplement was prepared by reacting palm fatty acid distillate with CaO in a heating process, lysine monohydrochloride was added as much as 20% of the total supplement produced. The results showed that the LWGs were A. 0.99 kg/d B. 1.00 kg/d and C. 1.09 kg/d. The body condition score gains were A: 0.54, B: 0.54; and C: 0.61. The supplement effect did not reach a maximum result although a high LWG was reached. There were no differences in leptin, creatinine, total cholesterol, glucose, total protein, and blood urea nitrogen concentrations affected by the supplement. Besides, there were no differences in rumen characteristics affected by the supplement. To conclude, all groups reached high LWG although the efficacy of the supplement was not optimum