BIODIVERSIDADE EM SISTEMAS AGROFLORESTAIS: AGRICULTURA SINTRÓPICA

The experiment aims to implement a sustainable system that will allow long - term research to evaluate the productive behavior of vegetables, fruits and trees, as well as to observe issues related to compaction and soil moisture content. Based on agroforestry implantation methodologies, agroforestry systems were adopted to allow a greater scale of production, starting with the implementation of a SAF for the production of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), mango (Mangifera indica L), ipê (Tabebuia chrysotricha) , manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), banana (Musa spp.), and pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.). Forming a system with lines of alternating lines with lines of other fruit trees, timber species and fertilizers like brachiaria grass (Brachiaria decumbens), crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.). Cultures adopted the number of plants / spacing in the respective dimensions: ipê / 1 / 7,5x5, manioc / 1,20x1,20, mango / 1 / 7,5x5, banana / 1 / 7,5x5, beans / 2 / 5x5, pumpkin2 / 5x5. The productive behavior of vegetables: pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.). Are in development phase as well as manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantze); fruits: mango (Mangifera indica L) and banana (Musa spp.) and arboreal: ipê (Tabebuia chrysotricha) need more time to be evaluated due to their long development cycle.The experiment aims to implement a sustainable system that will allow long - term research to evaluate the productive behavior of vegetables, fruits and trees, as well as to observe issues related to compaction and soil moisture content. Based on agroforestry implantation methodologies, agroforestry systems were adopted to allow a greater scale of production, starting with the implementation of a SAF for the production of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), mango (Mangifera indica L), ipê (Tabebuia chrysotricha) , manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), banana (Musa spp.), and pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.). Forming a system with lines of alternating lines with lines of other fruit trees, timber species and fertilizers like brachiaria grass (Brachiaria decumbens), crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.). Cultures adopted the number of plants / spacing in the respective dimensions: ipê / 1 / 7,5x5, manioc / 1,20x1,20, mango / 1 / 7,5x5, banana / 1 / 7,5x5, beans / 2 / 5x5, pumpkin2 / 5x5. The productive behavior of vegetables: pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.). Are in development phase as well as manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantze); fruits: mango (Mangifera indica L) and banana (Musa spp.) and arboreal: ipê (Tabebuia chrysotricha) need more time to be evaluated due to their long development cycle

INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK-FOREST SYSTEM FOR SHEEPS AND GOATS

The Crop-Livestock-Forest Integration (ILPF) is a soil management that, if conducted with the recommended technical and agronomic principles, allows the maximization of productivity leveraged by sustainability. The chemical, physical and biological attributes of the soil should be evaluated, based on soil and water management and conservation needs, as well as the requirements of the most demanding components of the ILPF. The objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance to soil penetration in a pasture area and another with a conventional system. For this, the PenetroLOG Falker model was used. The experiment was conducted in one of the pastures belonging to UniRV on goat grazing. In this area, degraded pasture systems were implemented with crop-livestock-forest integration (ILPF). The leucena was aligned with 3 meters between plants, 20 meters between rows. Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), a plant native to Central America, is a perennial, palatable legume with great utility in the feeding of pigs, cattle and goats, and resistance to drought. Soil compaction by trampling of goats in a grazing area with a conventional area in the ILPF showed levels of similar compaction, being detrimental to pasture and tree development.A Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) é um manejo do solo que se conduzido com os princípios técnicos e agronômicos recomendados, permite a maximização da produtividade alavancada pela sustentabilidade. Os atributos químicos, físicos e biológicos do solo devem ser avaliados, tomando por base as necessidades de manejo e de conservação do solo e da água, além das exigências das culturas, componentes mais exigentes da ILPF. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência à penetração do solo em uma área de pastagem e outra com sistema convencional. Para isto utilizou-se o equipamento penetroLOG modelo Falker. O experimento foi conduzido em uma das pastagens pertencentes a UniRV sobre pastejo dos caprinos. Nesta área foi implantado os sistemas de recuperação de pastagens degradadas com Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF). As leucena foi alinhada com 3 metros entre plantas, 20 metros entre linhas. A leucena (Leucaena leucocephala.), planta nativa da América Central, é uma leguminosa perene, palatável com grande utilidade na alimentação de suínos, bovinos e caprinos, e de resistência à seca. A compactação do solo pelo pisoteio dos caprinos em solo de uma área de pastagem com uma área convencional na ILPF apresentaram níveis de compactação semelhante, sendo prejudicial ao desenvolvimento de pastagem e arbóreas

Common bean seed germination and seedling emergence under inoculation with biostimulators

Biostimulating microorganisms have protector effect against pathogenic agents, affect the stand formation, promote plant growth, and increase yield of agricultural crops. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the seed germination and seedling emergence of different common bean cultivars as a function of treatments with Bacillus subtilis BV02 and Trichoderma asperellum BV10. Germination tests in paper rolls and sand were conducted in a completely randomized design, with a 2×4 factorial arrangement consisted of two cultivars, namely Campos Gerais (CG) and Estilo (ES), and four microorganism treatments, namely B. subtilis BV02 (BS), T. asperellum BV10 (TA), B. subtilis BV02 + T. asperellum BV10 (BS+TA), and Control. The variables analyzed were: germination speed index (GSI), emergence speed index (ESI), germination percentage, emergence percentage, root length, seedling height, and root and shoot fresh and dry weights. The CG cultivar had higher GSI, ESI, root length, seedling height, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and shoot dry weight than the ES cultivar in the paper roll and sand tests. The common bean seed inoculation with BS+TA increased seedling height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and root length in the ES cultivar. The CG cultivar had higher GSI, ESI, root length, root fresh weight, and root and shoot dry weights than the ES cultivar. The treatment of seeds with BS+TA is recommended to improve the performance of common bean seedlings of the ES cultivar

CONTROLE DE SOJA VOLUNTÁRIA COM HERBICIDAS REGISTRADOS PARA ALGODOEIRO

In part of the Midwest region of Brazil, cotton has been grown in second crop, sown aftersoybean harvest. In these areas, the occurrence of voluntary soybean plants has beencommon, interfering in the development of cotton crop. In this sense, the objective of thiswork was to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides applied post-emergence in cotton forthe control of voluntary soybeans containing different transgenics. Two experiments werecarried out in a greenhouse, using a soybean cultivar with Liberty Link® technology (LL®),which confers tolerance to glufosinate, and the other Roundup Ready® (RR®) cultivar,which has tolerance to glyphosate. In both experiments, a randomized completely blockdesign was used, in a 7 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 4 replications. The first factorconsisted of herbicides registered for cotton: 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, pyrithiobac,trifloxysulfuron, S-metolachlor, in addition to a control without application; while thesecond factor consisted of the association or not with glufosinate. To assess the performanceof herbicide treatments, evaluations were made of the percentage of control, height andshoot dry mass of soybean plants. For LL® voluntary soybeans, dicamba and glyphosatealone, in addition to the association of glufosinate with dicamba, 2,4-D or glyphosate, theyconsisted of the most effective treatments, providing control levels above 80.0%. For RR®soybeans, dicamba, trifloxysulfuron and 2,4-D isolated showed efficacy in the control ofvoluntary plants, with increases in control levels being seen when the addition ofglufosinate was applied to the spray solution of these herbicides.Em parte da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil o algodoeiro tem sido cultivado em segundasafra, semeado após a colheita de soja. Nestas áreas, tem sido comum a ocorrência deplantas voluntárias de soja interferindo no desenvolvimento do algodoeiro. Neste sentido, oobjetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência noalgodoeiro para o controle de soja voluntária contendo diferentes transgenias. Doisexperimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, utilizando um cultivar de soja comtecnologia Liberty Link® (LL®), que confere tolerância ao glufosinate, e no outro cultivarRoundup Ready® (RR®), que possui tolerância ao glyphosate. Em ambos os experimentosfoi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 7 x 2, com 4repetições. O primeiro fator foi constituído por herbicidas registrados para o algodoeiro:2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, pyrithiobac, trifloxysulfuron, S-metolachlor, além de umatestemunha sem aplicação; enquanto que o segundo fator consistiu da associação ou nãocom o glufosinate. Para aferir o desempenho dos tratamentos herbicidas, foram realizadasavaliações de porcentagem de controle, altura e massa seca de parte aérea das plantas desoja. Para soja voluntária LL®, dicamba e glyphosate isolados, além da associação deglufosinate com dicamba, 2,4-D ou glyphosate, consistiram nos tratamentos com maioreficácia, proporcionando níveis de controle acima de 80,0%. Para a soja RR®, dicamba,trifloxysulfuron e 2,4-D isolados apresentaram eficácia no controle das plantas voluntárias,visualizando-se incrementos nos níveis de controle quando se procedeu a adição deglufosinate à calda de aplicação destes herbicidas

Glyceolin and phaseolin induction in soybean and beans as a function of biocontrol agents application

Induction of plant resistance is a tool that can be incorporated into the integrated management of diseases of cultivated plants. In this way, this work aims to evaluate the elicitor action of biocontrol agents in the induction of glyceolin. In this study were used concentrations about 0; 0.5; 1; 1.5 and 2% diluted in water; spore suspension of Trichoderma asperellum BV10, Bacillus subtilis BV02 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BV03 microorganisms. To determine the glyceolin, cotyledons were grown in sand, weighed and cut in longitudinal section on the lower surface. Subsequently, these were deposited 50 μL of the concentrations in the cuts and the extraction performed in H2O and concentration determined by absorbance at wavelength 285nm. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and compared by the regression test (p <0.05). When measuring the glyceolin in soybean cotyledons, there was an increase in the accumulation of this phytoalexins as the concentration of B. subtilis BV02 cells increased. The 4% concentration of B. subtilis BV02 promoted 237% more glyceolin accumulation in soybean cotyledons than the control. The accumulation of glyceolin was increased as the concentration of T. asperellum BV10 cells increased, so that 4% concentration promoted 228% more glycerol accumulation than the control. Increasing the concentration of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BV03 cells increased the accumulation of this phytoalexins. The 4% concentration promoted 129% more accumulation of glycerol in soybean cotyledons than the control. The microorganisms T. asperellum, B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens are indicated as activators of resistance mechanisms of soybean plants

BIODIVERSITY AGROFORESTRY SYZTEM: SYNTROPIC AGRICULTURE

The experiment aims to implement a sustainable system that will allow long - term research to evaluate the productive behavior of vegetables, fruits and trees, as well as to observe issues related to compaction and soil moisture content. Based on agroforestry implantation methodologies, agroforestry systems were adopted to allow a greater scale of production, starting with the implementation of a SAF for the production of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), mango (Mangifera indica L), ipê (Tabebuia chrysotricha) , manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), banana (Musa spp.), and pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.). Forming a system with lines of alternating lines with lines of other fruit trees, timber species and fertilizers like brachiaria grass (Brachiaria decumbens), crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.). Cultures adopted the number of plants / spacing in the respective dimensions: ipê / 1 / 7,5x5, manioc / 1,20x1,20, mango / 1 / 7,5x5, banana / 1 / 7,5x5, beans / 2 / 5x5, pumpkin2 / 5x5. The productive behavior of vegetables: pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.). Are in development phase as well as manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantze); fruits: mango (Mangifera indica L) and banana (Musa spp.) and arboreal: ipê (Tabebuia chrysotricha) need more time to be evaluated due to their long development cycle

Lanthanum in vitro control of Alternaria solani and induction resistance mechanism against blight tomato plant

Rare earth elements have been tested in control of plant diseases. Lanthanum (La) was tested in the control of Alternaria solani (in vitro) and tomato early blight (in vivo) using the concentration 0; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 and 0.8 g L-1 . In vitro, the concentration were diluted in V8 culture medium and evaluated for mycelial growth rate index (MGRI) and pathogen sporulation. In vivo, 24 hours after the application of concentration was inoculate the pathogen and 24 hours after the inoculation, leaflets were collected for quantification, the specific catalytic activity and guaiacol peroxidase. The severity of tomato early blight were also analyzed. As 0.27 and 0.28 g L-1 reduces 28% and 50% the MGRI and the sporulation, respectively. Peroxidase and catalase activity was increased by 298% and 151% in tomato treated with 0.5 and 0.4 g L-1de La, respectively. In vivo reduces AUDPC 70% when was applied 0.27 g L-1 La. Lanthanum can be used as resistance inducer in controlling tomato early blight.Elementos terras raras têm sido testados no controle de doenças de plantas. O Lantânio (La) foi testado no controle de Alternaria solani (in vitro) e da pinta preta do tomateiro (in vivo) utilizando as concentrações 0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,4 e 0,8 g L-1 . In vitro as concentrações foram diluídas em meio de cultura V8 e foi avaliado o índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial (IVCM) e a esporulação do patógeno. In vivo, 24h após a aplicação das concentrações em tomateiro realizouse a inoculação do patógeno e 24 h após foram coletados folíolos para quantificação da atividade específica de catalase e peroxidase do guaiacol. Também foram analisados a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD) pinta preta do tomateiro. As concentrações 0,27 e 0,28 g L-1 de La reduziram 28% e 50% o IVCM e a esporulação, respectivamente. A atividade de peroxidase e catalase foram incrementadas 298% e 151% em tomateiro tratadas com 0,5 e 0,4 g L-1 de La, respectivamente. In vivo observou-se redução de 70% da AACPD da pinta preta ao aplicar 0,27 g L -1 de La. O Lantânio pode ser utilizado como indutor de resistência no controle da pinta preta do tomateiro

CULTIVO ORGÂNICO DE RÚCULA EM PLANTIO DIRETO SOB DIFERENTES TIPOS DE COBERTURAS E DOSES DE COMPOSTO

The objective of that work was to evaluate the influence of different soil mulching and doses of organic compost in the culture of the rocket. The experimental design was used in randomized blocks, in splitplot arrangement with four replications. The plot corresponded to the soil mulching (no-tillage with living mulch of Arachis pintoi, living mulch of native weed, straw mulch of native weed and conventional tillage without mulching). The plots represent the doses of organic compost (10, 20 and 30 t ha-1 in the dry compost). The variables analyzed were yield, commercial fresh matter, and dry matter of the aerial part. The dose of 30 t ha-1 provided the largest yield values and commercial fresh mass for the conventional system and straw mulch. The dose 20.49 t ha-1 increased yield and commercial fresh mass for A. pintoi mulch. The dose 20.85 t ha-1 showed greater increase in yield and commercial fresh mass for the live native weed. The tillage and straw mulch presented higher yield values for all the studied doses. The dose of 23.1 t ha-1 it promoted the largest dry mass of the aerial part. The tillage and no-tillage with straw mulch it contributed with the largest dry matter of the aerial part