The effect of tyres and a rubber track at high axle loads on soil compaction-Part 2: Multi-axle machine studies

This paper reports on a study of the effect of the passage of multi-axle harvesting machines on the soil physical properties. In particular, it investigates the effect of the rear tyre of a combine harvester on the amount of soil compaction subsequent to the passage of the front tyre/track. The work was conducted in controlled laboratory conditions to determine the effect of a simulated self-propelled combine harvester with a total machine weight of 30–33 t. This was assessed by embedding talcum powder tracer lines in the soil to measure soil displacement and soil density changes. Dry bulk density and penetrometer resistance were also measured. The results showed that the benefit of the rubber track found by Ansorge and Godwin [2007a. The effect of tyres and a rubber track at high axle loads on soil compaction: Part 1: Single Axle Studies. Biosystems Engineering 98 (1), 115–126] was maintained after the additional passage of the rear tyre. After the passage of a track the effect of rear tyre size was insignificant, but the rear tyre size had a significant influence on soil density when following a leading tyre. This was due to a higher strength layer at the soil surface created by the track which was able to withstand the load of the subsequent passes and protect the soil below from further compaction. Results similar to those found for a tracked machine were also achieved by three passes of a 900 mm section width tyre at 5 t load and 0.5 bar inflation pressure. The track results for the 33 t machine were very similar to those of a smaller combine harvester with a total load of 11 t and similar rut width. The study confirmed the benefit of tracks with regard to soil compaction and emphasised the fact that total axle loads and machine weights are less important than how the loads are distributed to the soil

On the forward-backward correlations in a two-stage scenario

It is demonstrated that in a two-stage scenario with elementary Poissonian emitters of particles (colour strings) arbitrarily distributed in their number and average multiplicities, the forward- backward correlations are completely determined by the final distribution of the forward particles. The observed linear form of the correlations then necessarily requires this distribution to have a negative binomial form. For emitters with a negative binomial distribution of the produced particles distributed so as to give the final distribution also of a negative binomial form, the forward-backward correlations have an essentially non-linear form, which disagrees with the experimental data.Comment: 14 pages in LaTex, 1 figure in Postscrip

Forward-Backward Multiplicity Correlations in Au+Au Collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 Gev

The study of correlations among particles produced in different rapidity regions may provide understanding of the mechanisms of particle production. Correlations that extend over a longer range are observed in hadron-hadron interactions only at higher energies. Results for short and long-range multiplicity correlations (Forward-Backward) are presented for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The growth of long range correlations are observed as a function of the pseudorapidity gap in central Au+Au collisions. The Dual Parton model and Color Glass Condensate phenomenology have been explored to understand the origin of long range correlations.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, IWCF06, Hangzhou, China, Nov. 21-24, 200

Faith & Fable Islamic Manuscripts from Cambridge University Library

The first Islamic manuscript to enter the Library was a copy of the Qur’an donated in 1631 by the Arabic scholar William Bedwell. Since that time the Library’s Islamic manuscripts collection has grown in size and diversity to over 5,000 items. They shed a light on many aspects of the culture of the Islamic world, its beliefs and learning. Such a collection was amassed over subsequent centuries either from scholarly collectors or purchased by skilled librarians to add more depth to the already impressive range of treasures. But this extraordinary collection has remained relatively unknown outside the Library. Today, the aim is to change this with a number of different approaches. We are creating a fully searchable online catalogue of the manuscripts and digitising a selection of the most beautiful and interesting texts to make them available to the international scholarly community anywhere in the world via the internet. At the same time, the practical care of the original items, carried out by our own skilled conservators, will ensure their long-term survival for future generations. The Islamic manuscripts collection is supported within the Library by a team of specialists whose knowledge and skills, whether academic, practical or technical, aim to bring them to the attention of researchers. But only with a sustained programme of scholarly co-operation with experts outside the Library can the full content and significance of these texts be realised and their place in the wider context of Islamic scholarship become established

Popis šablony ČSN ISO 690:2011 v jazyce CSL pro citační manažer Zotero

Necitování zdrojů použitých ve vlastní práci je považováno za porušení citační etiky a především je v rozporu s autorským zákonem. Ve světě existuje řada citačních stylů, jejichž množství se odvíjí od různých požadavků jednotlivých vydavatelů. V takovéto situaci autorům usnadňují citování různé citační manažery, z nichž některé využívají jazyk Citation Style Language (CSL). Jedním z nich je i aplikace Zotero, pro kterou je v současnosti optimalizována šablona citační normy ČSN ISO 690, jež je v českém univerzitním prostředí často doporučována k citování v kvalifikačních pracích. CSL je otevřený, volně dostupný programovací jazyk vystavěný na základech XML, jehož prostřednictvím lze automatizovaně formátovat citace v textu a bibliografické citace nezávisle na formátu dokumentů. Na šabloně pro citační styl ISO 690 článek popisuje základní strukturu šablony v CSL, aby si zájemci (např. editoři českých časopisů) mohli vytvořit vlastní šablonu maximálně odpovídající požadavkům příslušného citačního stylu.Failure to cite information sources used in a scientific paper is considered a violation of publication ethics and copyright. Many citation styles exist due to the different requirements of publishers. For this reason, authors have at their disposal various helpful tools in the form of reference managers to facilitate citation. Some of these reference managers use Citation Style Language (CSL). One of them is Zotero for which we optimized a CSL template for citation style ISO 690 because this style is often recommended to Czech university students writing their theses. CSL is an open and freely available programming language which is based on the markup language XML and which makes it possible to automatically format citations and bibliographic references according to a specific citation style. On the template for citation style ISO 690 the article describes the basic structure of the template in the CSL for potential users who can create own template corresponding to their citation style

Oceanographic observations of eddies impacting the Prince Edward Islands, South Africa

The ecosystem of the isolated Prince Edward Islands, south of the African continent, is strongly impacted by ocean eddies that are associated with the eastward flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Satellite altimetry has revealed that the archipelago lies in a region of enhanced eddy kinetic energy. In the late 1990s it became apparent that in order to understand the influence of these eddies on the islands' ecosystem, the source, trajectory and nature of these eddies needed to be studied and understood. To this end a special research project with a strong ocean-going component was designed, the DEIMEC (Dynamics of Eddy Impact on Marion's ECosystem) programme. In this review we focus on the physical oceanography and summarize the aims, the results and the successes of this South African research initiative. In the vicinity of the Prince Edward Islands, an average of three intense well-defined eddies is observed per year. Their advection speeds are of the order of a few kilometres per day and longevities of 7-11 months. These features, of c. 100 km in diameter and reaching depths of at least 1000 m, transport anomalous water masses across the Polar Frontal Zone

The Conrad Rise as an obstruction to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) carries water freely around the whole continent of Antarctica, but not without obstructions. Some, such as the Drake Passage, constrict its path, while others, such as mid-ocean ridges, may induce meandering in the current's cores and may cause the genesis of mesoscale turbulence. It has recently been demonstrated that some regions that are only relatively shallow may also have a major effect on the flow patterns of the ACC. This is here shown to be particularly true for the Conrad Rise. Using the trajectories of surface drifters, altimetry and the simulated velocities from a numerical model, we show that the ACC bifurcates at the western side of this Rise. In this process it forms two intense jets at the two meridional extremities of the Rise with a relatively stagnant water body over the Rise itself. Preliminary results from a recent cruise provide compelling support for this portrayal