MINERAL CHEMISTRY OF FELDSPAR AND AMPHIBOLE APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT GEOTHERMOBAROMETRY METHODS AND OXYGEN FUGACITY, DETERMINATION OF MAGMATIC SERIES, ORIGIN AND TECTONOMAGMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF SHIRKUH GRANITOID BATHOLITH, YAZD, IRAN

Batholith of Shirkuh, Yazd, is part of the central Iranian structural zone, located southwest of the province. The lithology of this complex comprises mostly monzogranite and granodiorite and some quartz monzonite, quartz monzodiorite and syenogranite.Plagioclase, quartz, orthoclase, biotite and amphibole are the dominant minerals in these rocks. The composition of plagioclases varies from labradorite to oligoclase, and alkali feldspars belong to the orthoclase category. Amphiboles are calcic, rich in iron and Fe-Mg-Mn amphiboles, and range from ferro-hornblende to tschermakite, and tschermakite hornblende. According to various geobarometry methods using the amphibole composition, it is estimated that the calc-alkaline batholith has been formed in a supra-subduction tectonomagmatic environment at 700–900 °C and 0.8–1.5 kbar pressure under high oxygen fugacity. Moreover, based on the thermometry results of feldspars, the emplacement temperature was obtained in the 770–920 °C range by the Anderson method for the Shirkuh granitoid batholithO batólito de Shirkuh, Yazd, faz parte da zona estrutural central do Irã, localizada a sudoeste da província. A litologia deste complexo compreende principalmente monzogranito e granodiorito e alguns monzonitos de quartzo, monzodioritos de quartzo e sienogranitos. Plagioclásio, quartzo, ortoclase, biotita e anfibólio são os minerais dominantes nessas rochas. A composição das plagioclases varia de labradorita a oligoclase e os feldspatos alcalinos pertencem à categoria ortoclase. Os anfibólios são cálcicos, ricos em ferro e anfibólios Fe-Mg-Mn, e variam de ferro-hornblenda a tschermakite e tschermakite hornblende. De acordo com vários métodos de geobarometria usando a composição de anfibólio, estima-se que o batólito calcalcalino tenha sido formado em um ambiente tectonomagmático de supra-subducção a 700-900 ° C e 0,8-1,5 kbar sob alta fugacidade de oxigênio. Além disso, com base nos resultados da termometria dos feldspatos, a temperatura de colocação foi obtida na faixa de 770–920 ° C pelo método de Anderson para o batólito granitóide Shirku

MINERAL CHEMISTRY OF FELDSPAR AND AMPHIBOLE APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT GEOTHERMOBAROMETRY METHODS AND OXYGEN FUGACITY, DETERMINATION OF MAGMATIC SERIES, ORIGIN AND TECTONOMAGMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF SHIRKUH GRANITOID BATHOLITH, YAZD, IRAN

Batholith of Shirkuh, Yazd, is part of the central Iranian structural zone, located southwest of the province. The lithology of this complex comprises mostly monzogranite and granodiorite and some quartz monzonite, quartz monzodiorite and syenogranite.Plagioclase, quartz, orthoclase, biotite and amphibole are the dominant minerals in these rocks. The composition of plagioclases varies from labradorite to oligoclase, and alkali feldspars belong to the orthoclase category. Amphiboles are calcic, rich in iron and Fe-Mg-Mn amphiboles, and range from ferro-hornblende to tschermakite, and tschermakite hornblende. According to various geobarometry methods using the amphibole composition, it is estimated that the calc-alkaline batholith has been formed in a supra-subduction tectonomagmatic environment at 700–900 °C and 0.8–1.5 kbar pressure under high oxygen fugacity. Moreover, based on the thermometry results of feldspars, the emplacement temperature was obtained in the 770–920 °C range by the Anderson method for the Shirkuh granitoid batholithO batólito de Shirkuh, Yazd, faz parte da zona estrutural central do Irã, localizada a sudoeste da província. A litologia deste complexo compreende principalmente monzogranito e granodiorito e alguns monzonitos de quartzo, monzodioritos de quartzo e sienogranitos. Plagioclásio, quartzo, ortoclase, biotita e anfibólio são os minerais dominantes nessas rochas. A composição das plagioclases varia de labradorita a oligoclase e os feldspatos alcalinos pertencem à categoria ortoclase. Os anfibólios são cálcicos, ricos em ferro e anfibólios Fe-Mg-Mn, e variam de ferro-hornblenda a tschermakite e tschermakite hornblende. De acordo com vários métodos de geobarometria usando a composição de anfibólio, estima-se que o batólito calcalcalino tenha sido formado em um ambiente tectonomagmático de supra-subducção a 700-900 ° C e 0,8-1,5 kbar sob alta fugacidade de oxigênio. Além disso, com base nos resultados da termometria dos feldspatos, a temperatura de colocação foi obtida na faixa de 770–920 ° C pelo método de Anderson para o batólito granitóide Shirku

Transurethral resection of the prostate in Northern Nigeria, problems and prospects

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the commonest disease of the urinary tract afflicting the ageing male and is the commonest neoplastic disease in men aged 50 years and above.</p> <p>Transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) is the ultimate treatment of choice for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) due mainly to the preference of minimally invasive surgery, long term relief of symptoms and cost effectiveness. It is however not available to the majority of Nigerians in need of prostatic surgery in Public Health Institutions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The records of patients who underwent prostatectomy in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, over the period June 2001 to July 2007 were examined. The bio data of patients and laboratory investigations performed were retrieved.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Five Hundred and forty two patients were operated upon, out of which 40 were excluded due to open prostatectomy (22 patients), bladder neck stenosis (16 patients) or bladder tumour around the trigon (2 patients). The age range of the patients was 47–110 years with a mean of 67.2 years. 289 patients (80.1%) had urethral catheter in situ at presentation and 11 (3%) patients had suprapubic cystostomy of which only 3 (0.85%) had combined urethral stricture and BPH.</p> <p>Only 131 (26%) had their PSA measured which ranged from 2–100 ng/ml out of which 39(29.8% n = 131) patients had more than 4 ng/ml and cancer of the prostate and 1(0.8%, n = 131) patient had a PSA level of 4 ng/ml and malignant prostate.</p> <p>Hospital stay was 1–32 days (mean 7.9) and the mean follow up period was 5.6 months (range 0–60) and there were 17.5% complications comprising of urinary tract infection (UTI) 7.2%, Orchitis 2.2%, urinary incontinence 0.6%, atonic bladder 1%, erectile dysfunction 0.6%, cerebrovascular accident 0.4%, myocardial infarction 0.4%, deep vein thrombosis 0.4% and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) 0.6% and 1.2% mortality. The cost of treatment inclusive of pre-admission investigations was US$615.00 (range US$ 300–1,300)</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Despite advances in minimally invasive therapy for LUTH/BPH, TURP is the optimum treatment of choice for the ageing male of sub-Saharan Africa. It is however not available to the majority of patients in this region due to poor health allocation and inadequate facilities and training.</p

Leishmania infantum Amastigotes Enhance HIV-1 Production in Cocultures of Human Dendritic Cells and CD4+ T Cells by Inducing Secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially deadly parasitic disease afflicting millions worldwide. Although itself an important infectious illness, VL has also emerged as an opportunistic disease among patients infected with HIV-1. This is partly due to the increasing overlap between urban regions of high HIV-1 transmission and areas where Leishmania is endemic. Furthermore, VL increases the development and clinical progression of AIDS-related diseases. Conversely, HIV-1-infected individuals are at greater risk of developing VL or suffering relapse. Finally, HIV-1 and Leishmania can both productively infect cells of the macrophage-dendritic cell lineage, resulting in a cumulative deficiency of the immune response. We therefore studied the effect of Leishmania infantum on HIV-1 production when dendritic cells (DCs) are cocultured with autologous CD4+ T cells. We show that amastigotes promote virus replication in both DCs and lymphocytes, due to a parasite-mediated production of soluble factors by DCs. Micro-beads array analyses indicate that Leishmania infantum amastigotes infection induces a higher secretion of several cytokines in these cells, and use of specific neutralizing antibodies revealed that the Leishmania-induced increase in HIV-1 replication is due to IL-6 and TNF-α. These findings suggest that Leishmania's presence within DC/T-cell conjugates leads to an enhanced HIV-1 production

Bacteria-inducing legume nodules involved in the improvement of plant growth, health and nutrition

Bacteria-inducing legume nodules are known as rhizobia and belong to the class Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria. They promote the growth and nutrition of their respective legume hosts through atmospheric nitrogen fixation which takes place in the nodules induced in their roots or stems. In addition, rhizobia have other plant growth-promoting mechanisms, mainly solubilization of phosphate and production of indoleacetic acid, ACC deaminase and siderophores. Some of these mechanisms have been reported for strains of rhizobia which are also able to promote the growth of several nonlegumes, such as cereals, oilseeds and vegetables. Less studied are the mechanisms that have the rhizobia to promote the plant health; however, these bacteria are able to exert biocontrol of some phytopathogens and to induce the plant resistance. In this chapter, we revised the available data about the ability of the legume nodule-inducing bacteria for improving the plant growth, health and nutrition of both legumes and nonlegumes. These data showed that rhizobia meet all the requirements of sustainable agriculture to be used as bio-inoculants allowing the total or partial replacement of chemicals used for fertilization or protection of crops