The Evolution of the Role of a transcontinental Organization founded on the Religious Solidarity : the OIC

L’Organisation de la Coopération Islamique (OCI) créée en 1969 suite à l’incendie de la mosquée Al-Aqsa, représente la voix du monde musulman. C’est la deuxième organisation intergouvernementale après l’ONU regroupant cinquante-sept Etats membres aux quatre coins du monde.Un Programme d’Action Décennal (PAD) a été adopté lors du 3ème Sommet islamique extraordinaire réuni en 2005. Le PAD vise une nouvelle vision pour le monde musulman : « la solidarité dans l’action ».Cette thèse étudie l’évolution du rôle de l’OCI pour relever les défis politiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels qui surgissent sur la scène internationale et affectent la communauté musulmane. Elle met l’accent sur les points réalisés du PAD et les entraves de l’OCI à établir l’unité de l’Oummah islamique.The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has been established in 1969, following the fire of the Al-Aqsa mosque. This organization represents the voice of the Islamic world and it is considered according to its membership, the second intergovernmental organization after the UNO. OIC includes fifty seven member states coming from all over the World.A Ten-year Program of Action (TYPOA) has been adopted in 2005 during the third extraordinary Islamic Summit, aiming at establishing a new vision for the Islamic World called: « Solidarity into action ».This thesis discusses the evolution of the role of the OIC relating international challenges of political, economic, social and cultural nature that the Islamic communities have to face. The thesis points out the matters that have been achieved through the TYPOA and the obstacles that the OIC faced regarding the necessity to unify the Islamic Ummah

Séparations électrophorétiques bidimensionnelles réalisées dans un seul capillaire pour l'analyse d'acides aminés

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Heart-cutting 2D-CE with on-line preconcentration for the chiral analysis of native amino acids

International audienceThe use of transient moving chemical reaction boundary (tMCRB) was investigated for the on-line preconcentration of native amino acids in heart-cutting 2D-CE with multiple detection points using contactless conductivity detection. The tMCRB focusing was obtained by using ammonium formate (pH 8.56) as sample matrix and acetic acid (pH 2.3) as a BGE in the first dimension of the heart-cutting 2D-CE. Different experimental parameters such as the injected volume and the concentration in ammonium formate were optimized for improving the sensitivity of detection. A stacked fraction from the first dimension was selected, isolated in the capillary, and then separated in the second dimension in the presence of a chiral selector ((+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid). This on-line tMCRB preconcentration coupled with heart-cutting 2D-CE was applied with success to the chiral separation of D,L-phenylalanine, and D,L-threonine in a mixture of 22 native amino acids. The sample mixture was diluted in 0.8 M of ammonium formate, and injected at a concentration of 2.5 μM for each enantiomer with a volume corresponding to 10% of the total capillary volume. An LOD (S/N=3) of 2 μM was determined for L-threonine

Analysis of Physicochemical Properties of Bio-Oil from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Blackcurrant Pomace

International audienceBio-oils obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass are black viscous fuels with good heating values. This paper presents results of physical and chemical characterization of bio-oils produced by hydrothermal liquefaction of blackcurrant pomace. The oils are analyzed with standard normalized tests and compared to specifications required by commercialized biofuels and conventional fuels. Iodine value and total acid number are determined, showing relatively high values. GC/MS analysis demonstrates that bio-oil recovery by solvent extraction followed by subsequent evaporation of the solvent leads to the loss of some volatile compounds in the bio-oil. Thermogravimetric analysis are performed to study the volatility of HTL bio-oils, as well as to evaluate the carbon residue after evaporation. The viscosity of a bio-oil recovered by ethyl-acetate extraction was measured with a rotational viscometer at 25 degrees C, leading to a viscosity of 1.7 Pa.s. The results show furthermore that adding sodium hydroxide to the reaction medium has a limited influence on the properties of bio-oils. The choice of extraction solvent has conversely a significant influence on the quality of the produced oil. We demonstrate in this paper how standardized tests can be applied to hydrothermal bio-oils, to compare them with commercial fuels and evaluate the need for upgrading

Analysis and comparison of bio-oils obtained by hydrothermal liquefaction and fast pyrolysis of beech wood

International audienceThere are many different ways to convert biomass into liquid fuels, mostly referred to as bio-oils. This paper presents the analysis of bio-oils produced by hydrothermal liquefaction and fast pyrolysis of beech wood. Both processes have a wide panel of parameters that can be optimised influencing the oil quality. Results of the analysis show that both oils have high acidities. Iodine values indicate a high degree of unsaturations. These two qualities seem to be inversely proportional in the case of pyrolysis oils. In the case of hydrothermal conversion, additives to adjust the pH such as sodium hydroxide increase oil yields, lower its viscosity but do little to further improve the quality of the oils. For pyrolysis oils, increasing the severity does reduce acidity but at the expense of more unsaturations and a loss in yield. The results show that without extensive upgrading or refining, commercial fuel standards cannot be met. Specific norms and standards are being elaborated for pyrolysis used in specific installations. This paper shows how detailed analysis can help to optimise process parameters with an objective that goes beyond the mass or energy yield