Regulation des alternativen Spleißens von Tau Exon 10 durch Phosphorylierung von Spleißfaktoren

Tau ist ein Mikrotubuli- assoziiertes Protein, dessen Expression im Nervensystem des Menschen der Regulation durch alternatives Spleißen unterliegt. Das Exon 10 dieses Gens, welches für einen Teil der Mikrotutuli- bindenden Domäne kodiert, ist ein für Erwachsene spezifisches Kassettenexon. Mutationen, die den Einschluss von Exon 10 verstärken, resultieren in der Produktion von Tau- Protein, das vier Mikrotubuli- bindende Aminosäuresequenzwiederholungen enthält. Diese Mutationen scheinen in ursächlichem Zusammenhang mit der Frontotemporalen Demenz mit Parkinsonismus gekoppelt an Chromosom 17 (FTDP- 17) zu stehen. In dieser Arbeit konnte mittels Transfektionsexperimenten gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung von Exon 10 durch ein komplexes Zusammenspiel der CDC- ähnlichen Kinase Clk2, einer SR- Proteinkinase, und des SR- ähnlichen Proteins humaner Transformer 2- b (Htra2- b) reguliert wird. Kotransfektionsexperimente legen den Schluss nahe, dass diese Regulation über mehrere ineinandergreifende Prozesse abläuft. Die Kinase Clk2 scheint dabei sowohl direkt durch Posphorylierung bzw. Hyperphosophorylierung von Htra2- b als auch indirekt durch Einfluss auf die alternative Expression der Htra2- b Isoformen in den Regulationsmechanismus einzugreifen. Phosphorylierung von SR- Proteinen führt zu deren Freisetzung aus den nukleären Speicherkomponenten, den speckles, und damit zur Aktivierung der Spleißreaktion, während sowohl eine Hyper- als auch eine Hypophosphorylierung in der Regel einen hemmenden Einfluss auf Spleißen ausüben. Kontrollierte Phosphorylierung scheint demnach zu einer regulierbaren Veränderung von prä- mRNA- Prozessierungswegen zu führen. Eine Interpretation dieser Resultate könnte als Grundlage für die Entwicklung neuer therapeutischer Konzepte verwendet werden

NCAM1, TACR1 and NOS Genes and Temperament: A Study on Suicide Attempters and Controls

Suicide, one of the leading causes of death among young adults, seems to be plausibly modulated by both genetic and personality factors. The aim of this study was to dissect the potential association between genetics and temperament in a sample of 111 suicide attempters and 289 healthy controls. We focused on 4 genes previously investigated in association with suicide on the same sample: the nitric oxide synthase 1 and 3 (NOS1 and NOS3), the neuronal cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1), and the tachykinin receptor 1 (TACR1) genes. In particular, we investigated whether a set of genetic variants in these genes (NOS1 : rs2682826, rs1353939, rs693534; NOS3 : rs2070744, rs1799983, rs891512; NCAM1 : rs2301228, rs1884, rs1245113, rs1369816, rs2196456, rs584427; TACR1 : rs3771810, rs3771825, rs726506, rs1477157) were associated with temperamental traits at the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). No strong evidence was found for the association between TCI personality traits and the polymorphisms considered in the 4 genes, with the exception of an association between reward dependence trait and the rs2682826 SNP in NOS1 in the healthy sample. However, this result could be plausibly interpreted as a false-positive finding. In conclusion, our study did not support the thesis of a direct modulation of these genes on temperament; however, further studies on larger samples are clearly required in order to confirm our preliminary findings and to exclude any possible minor influence. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Base

Tyrosine Hydroxylase and DOPA Decarboxylase Gene Variants in Personality Traits

Personality influences several characteristics of normal and pathologic behaviors and it is associated with neurotransmitter systems that are under genetic control. The dopaminergic system has been proposed to play a role in the modulation of personality traits. In the present study, variants of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) genes (for TH: rs3842727, rs6356; for DDC: rs1451371, rs1470750, rs998850) were investigated in 111 suicide attempters and 289 healthy subjects to assess the involvement of the dopaminergic synthesis pathway in personality traits. No strong evidence was found for the associations between personality and TH or DDC in overall tests. An interaction effect of genotype and diagnosis was present, with TH and DDC SNPs having a greater effect on the respective personality dimensions in the group of suicide attempters. Because of the risk of false positives, these findings should be interpreted with highest caution. Direct replication attempts within independent groups of suicide attempters will help to resolve this question. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Base

No association of a set of candidate genes on haloperidol side effects.

We previously investigated a sample of patients during an active phase of psychosis in the search for genetic predictors of haloperidol induced side effects. In the present work we extend the genetic association analysis to a wider panel of genetic variations, including 508 variations located in 96 genes. The original sample included 96 patients. An independent group of 357 patients from the CATIE study served as a replication sample. Outcomes in the investigation sample were the variation through time of: 1) the ESRS and UKU total scores 2) ESRS and UKU subscales (neurologic and psychic were included) related to tremors and 3) ESRS and UKU subscales that do not relate to tremors. Outcome in the replication sample was the presence vs absence of motoric side effects from baseline to visit 1 (~ one month of treatment) as assessed by the AIMS scale test. Rs2242480 located in the CYP3A4 was associated with a different distribution of the UKU neurologic scores through time (permutated p = 0.047) along with a trend for a different haloperidol plasma levels (lower in CC subjects). This finding was not replicated in the CATIE sample. In conclusion, we did not find conclusive evidence for a major association between the investigated variations and haloperidol induced motoric side effects