Low DHEAS: A Sensitive and Specific Test for the Detection of Subclinical Hypercortisolism in Adrenal Incidentalomas.

CONTEXT: Subclinical hypercortisolism (SH) occurs in 5% to 30% of adrenal incidentalomas (AIs). Common screening tests for adrenocorticotropin-independent hypercortisolism have substantial false-positive rates, mandating further time and resource-intensive investigations. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether low basal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is a sensitive and specific screening test for SH in AI. SETTING AND PATIENTS: In total, 185 patients with AI were screened for adrenal medullary (plasma metanephrines) and cortical [1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (ONDST), 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC), serum DHEAS, plasma renin, and aldosterone] hyperfunction. Positive ONDST [≥1.8 mcg/dL (≥50 nmol/L)] and/or UFC (more than the upper limit of reference range) results were further investigated. We diagnosed SH when at least 2 of the following were met: raised UFC, raised midnight serum cortisol, 48-hour dexamethasone suppression test (DST) cortisol ≥1.8 mcg/dL (≥50 nmol/L). RESULTS: 29 patients (16%) were diagnosed with SH. Adrenocorticotropin was 99%) and specific (91.9%) for the diagnosis of SH. Cortisol following 1 mg ONDST of 1.9 mcg/dL (53 nmol/L) was a sensitive (>99%) screening test for SH but had lower specificity (82.9%). The 24-hour UFC lacked sensitivity (69%) and specificity (72%). CONCLUSION: A single basal measurement of DHEAS offers comparable sensitivity and greater specificity to the existing gold-standard 1 mg DST for the detection of SH in patients with AIs

Needle(s) in the Haystack – Synchronous Multifocal Tumor Induced Osteomalacia

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Endocrine Society via http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3854MG is supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre

Successful treatment of residual pituitary adenoma in persistent acromegaly following localisation by 11C-methionine PET co-registered with MRI.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if functional imaging using 11C-methionine positron emission tomography co-registered with 3D gradient echo MRI (Met-PET/MRI), can identify sites of residual active tumour in treated acromegaly, and discriminate these from post-treatment change, to allow further targeted treatment. DESIGN/METHODS: Twenty-six patients with persistent acromegaly after previous treatment, in whom MRI appearances were considered indeterminate, were referred to our centre for further evaluation over a 4.5-year period. Met-PET/MRI was performed in each case, and findings were used to decide regarding adjunctive therapy. Four patients with clinical and biochemical remission after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS), but in whom residual tumour was suspected on post-operative MRI, were also studied. RESULTS: Met-PET/MRI demonstrated tracer uptake only within the normal gland in the four patients who had achieved complete remission after primary surgery. In contrast, in 26 patients with active acromegaly, Met-PET/MRI localised sites of abnormal tracer uptake in all but one case. Based on these findings, fourteen subjects underwent endoscopic TSS, leading to a marked improvement in (n = 7), or complete resolution of (n = 7), residual acromegaly. One patient received stereotactic radiosurgery and two patients with cavernous sinus invasion were treated with image-guided fractionated radiotherapy, with good disease control. Three subjects await further intervention. Five patients chose to receive adjunctive medical therapy. Only one patient developed additional pituitary deficits after Met-PET/MRI-guided TSS. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with persistent acromegaly after primary therapy, Met-PET/MRI can help identify the site(s) of residual pituitary adenoma when MRI appearances are inconclusive and direct further targeted intervention (surgery or radiotherapy).This research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sector. OK, ASP, NB, JDP and MG are supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. JDP has received support by an NIHR Senior Investigator award and NIHR brain injury HTC.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from BioScientifica via https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-16-063

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Thermodynamic structure of the convective boundary layer (CBL) over the Indian monsoon region during CAIPEEX campaigns

Spatial and temporal variability in the convective boundary layer (CBL) height for the Cloud Aerosol Interaction and Precipitation Enhancement Experiment (CAIPEEX) study period are examined using the data collected from high-resolution radiosondes during May–September 2009 over the Indian monsoon region. In total, 57 radiosonde launchings were carried out at ∼ 11:00–17:00 IST over six different stations covering a large geographical region, ranging from latitude ∼ 13 to 32° N and longitude 73 to 92° E. Of the total 57 launchings, 17 were made during cloudy conditions during which relative humidity (RH) was found to be greater than 83 % for an ∼ 1.0 km layer at various altitudes below 6 km. Within the layer the difference between saturated equivalent potential temperature and equivalent potential temperature is small, and it satisfies the condition that RH > 83 % for about 1 km is considered as the cloudy layer. There are eight cases when the cloud-topped boundary layer (CTBL) and 19 cases when fair-weather boundary layer (FWBL) is observed. The CBL heights are obtained using thermodynamic profiles, which vary from ∼ 0.4 to 2.5 km a. g. l.  The formation of the cloud layers above the boundary layer generally lowers the CBL height and is responsible for its day-to-day variability. The development of the cloud beneath the boundary layer generally elevates the CBL, which is also responsible for the large day-to-day variability in the CBL. The FWBL identified using relative invariance of the thermodynamic profiles varies from ∼ 2.0 to 5.5 km, which is clearly marked by a local minimum in the refractivity gradient. During cloudy days, the CBL is found to be shallow and the surface temperature lower when compared to clear-sky days. The CBL and the lifting condensation level (LCL) heights are randomly related and are found to be at a lower height during cloudy days when compared to clear-sky days. Finally, the typical comparison between the CBL height obtained using thermodynamic profiles and backscattering profiles using Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) is examined

High prevalence of severe sleep cycle disruption in de novo acromegaly and underdiagnosis by common clinical screening tools: A prospective, observational, cross-sectional study.

Publication status: PublishedCONTEXT: Although sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is well-recognised in acromegaly, most studies have reported heterogeneous, often heavily treated, groups and few have performed detailed sleep phenotyping at presentation. OBJECTIVE: To study SDB using the gold standard of polysomnography, in the largest group of newly-diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients with acromegaly. SETTING AND PATIENTS: 40 patients [22 males, 18 females; mean age 54 years (range 23-78)], were studied to: (i) establish the prevalence and severity of SDB (ii) assess the reliability of commonly employed screening tools [Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and overnight oxygen desaturation index (DI)] to detect SDB (iii) determine the extent to which sleep architecture is disrupted. RESULTS: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), defined by the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), was present in 79% of subjects (mild, n = 12; moderate, n = 5; severe, n = 14). However, in these individuals with OSA by AHI criteria, ESS (positive in 35% [n = 11]) and DI (positive in 71%: mild, n = 11; moderate, n = 6; severe, n = 5) markedly underestimated its prevalence/extent. Seventy-eight percent of patients exhibited increased arousal, with marked disruption of the sleep cycle, despite most (82%) having normal total time asleep. Fourteen patients spent longer in stage 1 sleep. Deeper sleep stages were severely attenuated in many subjects (reduced stage 2, n = 18; reduced slow wave sleep, n = 24; reduced rapid eye movement sleep, n = 32). CONCLUSION: Our study provides strong support for clinical guidelines that recommend screening for sleep apnoea syndrome in patients with newly-diagnosed acromegaly. Importantly, however, it highlights shortcomings in commonly recommended screening tools (questionnaires, desaturation index) and demonstrates the added value of polysomnography to allow timely detection of obstructive sleep apnoea and associated sleep cycle disruption

Successful treatment of residual pituitary adenoma in persistent acromegaly following localisation by 11C-methionine PET co-registered with MRI.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if functional imaging using 11C-methionine positron emission tomography co-registered with 3D gradient echo MRI (Met-PET/MRI), can identify sites of residual active tumour in treated acromegaly, and discriminate these from post-treatment change, to allow further targeted treatment. DESIGN/METHODS: Twenty-six patients with persistent acromegaly after previous treatment, in whom MRI appearances were considered indeterminate, were referred to our centre for further evaluation over a 4.5-year period. Met-PET/MRI was performed in each case, and findings were used to decide regarding adjunctive therapy. Four patients with clinical and biochemical remission after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS), but in whom residual tumour was suspected on post-operative MRI, were also studied. RESULTS: Met-PET/MRI demonstrated tracer uptake only within the normal gland in the four patients who had achieved complete remission after primary surgery. In contrast, in 26 patients with active acromegaly, Met-PET/MRI localised sites of abnormal tracer uptake in all but one case. Based on these findings, fourteen subjects underwent endoscopic TSS, leading to a marked improvement in (n = 7), or complete resolution of (n = 7), residual acromegaly. One patient received stereotactic radiosurgery and two patients with cavernous sinus invasion were treated with image-guided fractionated radiotherapy, with good disease control. Three subjects await further intervention. Five patients chose to receive adjunctive medical therapy. Only one patient developed additional pituitary deficits after Met-PET/MRI-guided TSS. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with persistent acromegaly after primary therapy, Met-PET/MRI can help identify the site(s) of residual pituitary adenoma when MRI appearances are inconclusive and direct further targeted intervention (surgery or radiotherapy).This research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sector. OK, ASP, NB, JDP and MG are supported by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. JDP has received support by an NIHR Senior Investigator award and NIHR brain injury HTC.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from BioScientifica via https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-16-063