The relationship between plasma concentration of metoprolol and CYP2D6 genotype in patients with ischemic heart disease

Background Metoprolol is the one of the most commonly used β-blockers in the treatment of ischemic heart disease and it is extensively metabolized in the liver undergoing oxidation by CYP2D6 isoenzyme of cytochrome P450. Gene encoding the CYP2D6 enzyme is characterized by genetic polymorphism. The CYP2D6 oxidation polymorphism has a major impact on the effectiveness and safety of the treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma concentration of metoprolol and the CYP2D6 genotype in patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods Fifty patients were interviewed and subsequently enrolled into the study. The patients received metoprolol twice daily at a dose of 50 mg. The blood samples were analyzed for two major defective alleles for CYP2D6 – CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*3 – by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Metoprolol concentration in plasma was determined by using the new and unique high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method in the author's own modification with Corona CAD detector (Charged Aerosol Detection). Results In the test group, genotypes conditioning poor oxidation (PM) occurred in 3 patients (6%), while 47 patients (94%) had genotypes coding for extensive metabolism (EM). Patients with PM genotypes had significantly higher plasma concentrations of metoprolol than the patients with EM genotype (mean 92.25 ± SD 36.78 ng/ml vs. mean 168.22 ± SD 5.61 ng/ml, respectively). Established relationships were statistically significant (NIR test, p = 0.0009). Conclusions This study demonstrated that the CYP2D6 genotype remains a major determinant of the metoprolol plasma concentrations. The pharmacogenetic effect is likely to have consequences on both, the clinical benefit of metoprolol treatment and adverse drug reactions. The use of Corona CAD detector seems to be a very good alternative method for the determination of metoprolol concentration in plasma

Balance of individuals at different age involved in physical activity – review of publications

Balance is what we call the ability to control the center of gravity over the support plane in a given environment (also defined as the ability to maintain a vertical position of the body without the help of another person and the ability of regaining  balance during and after motion). Not only is inner ear responsible for mandating balance but also proprioceptors, cerebellum,  properly functioning nervous system and well-trained movement organs or efficient effector.  Postural control also is also affected by genetic conditions and primitive reactive strategies. Included to them are ankle strategy, that is restoring the center of gravity only by movements of the hocks, the hip strategy which is restoring the center of gravity by violent hip movements and step-by-step strategy in which making a step is required to restore the center of gravity. The balance system is quite complex. Damage to even on of the element of this system causes postural instability. In the case of disturbance of balance system , it can be indirectly influenced by nervous system through feedback, priming motion and motor control learning. Improved balance can be achieved with equivalent training. The aim of the study was to analyze different authors’ research on athlete balance. Five selected research articles on athletes have been analyzed. The authors have demonstrated a high level of effectiveness in balance training in the process of developing and improving the sense of balance. Individuals who have been in the past or are physically active now retain a better body balance

Vaccination against COVID-19 in Poland

Introduction. Due to the still difficult and worsening epidemic situation in Poland, related to the second wave of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), it turned out to be necessary to develop, prepare and conduct additional training on the work of medical personnel during the pandemic. Preventive vaccinations and their skilful implementation play a very important role.Aim. The aim of the systematic review is to present the general principles, procedures and competences of nurses in the pandemic era, this work can be used to conduct a comparative meta-analysis.Disscusion. The vaccine protects against the symptoms of COVID-19, which has been proven in clinical trials. For both the Comirnaty vaccine and the Moderna vaccine, the European Medicines Agency website states that the effect of vaccination on the transmission of the virus is unknown and whether vaccinated people can transmit SARS-CoV-2. Clinical trials are scheduled for 2 years and, as part of conditional approval, companies will complete the data after subsequent periodic evaluations.Conclusion. Over 1.5 million people worldwide have died since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic. Each vaccinated person is potentially from a few to a dozen or so people protected against infection. Already 50% of the vaccinated population will significantly reduce the risk of spreading the coronavirus in it. Vaccines are the most effective method of protection against infection with various diseases. Humanity has been successfully using this achievement of civilization for several hundred years

Aqua Fitness as one of the methods of prevention of hip osteoarthritis

Aqua fitness training is one of the most effective methods for improving physical health and reducing pain in orthopedic patients. This training due to the extensive number of modules can be used at any age regardless of gender. Aquafitness due to the environment in which it takes place gives great effects in the treatment of osteoarthritis, especially in combination with other physiotherapeutic treatments and kinesitherapy

Wybrane metody analizy strukturalnej związków małocząsteczkowych i biomakrocząsteczek. Od biologii, przez fizykę, do chemii.

Omawiane zagadnienia mają charakter interdyscyplinarny, zapoznają z technikami oraz narzędziami wykorzystywanymi w analizie strukturalnej związków małocząsteczkowych i biomakrocząsteczek. Znajomość przedstawionych metod jest obecnie niezbędnym elementem wykształcenia wszechstronnego naukowca z dziedziny nauk przyrodniczych oraz farmaceutycznych

Adverse reaction after transfusion of Red Blood Cells in a patient aged 97 years - case report

During hospitalization 97 years old patient had blood transfusion. This procedure lead to overload of cardiovascular system. Pharmacotherapy gradually improved the general condition of the patient. The patient was discharged in a stable state. Doubts arise; when blood should be transfused, in which cases should a blood transfusion be discontinued, what should be the recommendation for a blood transfusion for older people over the age of 90. There is a need for further research in geriatrics regarding the transfusion of blood and its components

Physiotherapy of women after mastectomy

Physiotherapy of patients after mastectomy is a complex process. It includes not only physical exercises, but also other physiotherapy treatments, such as hydrotherapy, physical therapy, massage, kinesiotaping and psychological therapy. The best results brings the the early introduction of rehabilitation to the patients, before the procedure, when they learn how to properly perform exercises, and improve the performance of the muscle pump and prevent blockages by circulatory and respiratory exercises, which are the basis of kinesiotherapy

Does physical activity affect the pain and mobility of the lumbosacral spine in pregnant women? - case-control study

Background: Daily physical training is safe and brings many benefits to pregnant woman. When there are no contraindications, regular exercise of gymnastics has a positive effect on the overall physical fitness, well-being of the woman. In addition it reduces the symptoms of typical pregnancy. Material and methods: The study involved pregnant women who were in the second or third trimester during the study. The study group consisted of 45 healthy pregnant women (n=45). During the research, range of motion and the shape of the curvature of the lumbar spine using the CMS10 Zebris device was performed. Additionally, the author’s questionnaire was also used, which allowed to gather important information about the practiced physical activity in the pregnancy of the surveyed women and check the knowledge about physical activity during pregnancy. The questionnaire was also used to gather basic information such as age, weight, height or education. Results: In the examined group of pregnant women the mean flexion of the lumbar spine to the front was 54.5⁰, to the back 16⁰, to the left 23⁰ and to the right 24.5⁰. The average spine turn to the left is 16.5⁰ and to the right 15.5⁰. 100% of the surveyed women, responded that physical activity during pregnancy is recommended, 82.22% of them are active during pregnancy. The most common physical activities are walking, next is swimming and special exercises for pregnant women and yoga. The fewest group were the women exercising Pilates. 31.11% of women exercise three times a week, 37.78% - twice a week, 22.22% - one a week and 6.67% less than one a week. 64.44% of women feel good thanks to practiced physical activity, 31.11% of women say that exercises improve their wellbeing. Conclusions: Regular physical activity has a positive impact on the wellbeing of women which participated in the research. Women’s knowledge about physical activity during pregnancy is quite high although it does not always translate to real world performed exercises. The study did not show the impact of physical activity on the mobility of the lumbar spine, but the study should be continued at a larger study group

Physiotherapeutic treatment after break and reconstruction of ACL

Injuries of the knee joint are amongst the most common diseases that affect the human body. It is estimated that they affect about 15-30% of all body injuries. Beside the lateral ligaments the most the structure exposed for the any kind of damage is ACL. Concerning the cruciate ligaments, as much as 90% of the injuries are related to ACL [52]. Most often the damage to this structure occurs when practicing sports, both contact (for example basketball, football, martial arts) and non-contact like skiing

The key role of physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a commonly occurring condition that affects, mainly elderly people. Bone loss may be caused many factors, such as menopausal period, slender body structure, inappropriate diet, or genetic determinants. The systematic and properly performed physical activity is of a significant importance in the prevention and control of the disease symptoms. Beneficial results are obtained by implementation of exercises of the following types: strength, endurance, stretching and mixed efforts. Performing physical activity accurately results in lowering of the risk of early osteoporosis and reduces the intensity of bone degeneration processes by inhibiting and stimulating appropriate mechanisms within the bone tissue