Gambaran Dinamika Kemiskinan Ditinjau dari Atribut Psikologis : Studi pada Masyarakat Miskin di Kota Semarang

Kemiskinan merupakan permasalahan kompleks yang terjadi di Indonesia dan belum mampu diatasi dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran masyarakat miskin di daerah perkotaan Semarang yang ditinjau dari kondisi psikologis. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Karakteristik subjek penelitian adalah penghasilan sehari kurang dari 2 dollar Amerika (kriteria miskin dari WHO), tinggal di kotamadya Semarang. Sampel dalam penelitian sejumlah 150 sampel (terdiri dari remaja, dewasa awal, dan dewasa madya). Penelitian ini mengukur sembilan variabel psikologis dengan pengambilan data menggunakan skala. Sembilan variabel psikologis yang diukur diantaranya atribusi kausal penyebab kemiskinan, value, self-esteem, self-efficacy, motivasi berprestasi, strategi coping, kepribadian, depresi dan subjective well-being. Selain itu juga ada 3 aspek yang diukur yaitu feelings toward poverty, causes of poverty dan solutions of poverty. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah variabel depresi memiliki kategori tinggi dibandingkan dengan variabel yang lain. Selain itu, pada masyarakat dewasa awal memiliki perasaan positif lebih besar yaitu 62% dibandingkan dengan remaja maupun dewasa madya. Penyebab dari kemiskinan pada remaja yaitu dikarenakan faktor malas (28%). Sedangkan pada dewasa awal, penyebab kemiskinan dikarenakan faktor kemauan diri (26%). Berbeda dengan dewasa madya, penyebab kemiskinan dikarenakan faktor pendidikan rendah (28%). Solusi yang ditawarkan oleh masyarakat miskin yaitu dengan cara bekerja, baik dari remaja (26%), dewasa awal (38%), dan dewasa madya (66%). Kata Kunci : Atribut Psikologis, Dinamika Kemiskinan, Masyarakat Miskin Perkotaa

The sociodemographic context of observed solitary and social smoking behaviours using a behavioural ecological approach

This study used a behavioural ecological approach by observing whether solitary and social smoking varied as a function of gender and stress. In sample 1 (N = 414), the result was consistent with the Tend-and-Befriend Hypothesis in that more female smokers were observed to engage in social smoking during high stress. When the number of smokers observed by stress condition was controlled for in sample 2 (N = 587), this effect was non-significant. Effect sizes were small for both samples. Discrepancies with previous research suggests that self-reported data might over-estimate the interaction of various psychosocial factors on smoking behaviours

PENGARUH FUNGSI EKSEKUTIF DIRI DAN PILIHAN PADA KELELAHAN EGO

This research was conducted as the further study of previous research by Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven& Tice (1998) about the causes of ego depletion. Preleminary study by Mahabbati et al (2011) stated that external factors had influenced ego depletion than internal. Internal factors include psychological functions that drive human activities. The research consists of two experiments. The first experiment was aimed for finding out the differences of ego depletion in the individual under self�s executive function activities. Executive function is the active, conscious self and also the center of conscious behaviors. Using post test-only with non-equivalent control group design, the research was held with 45 students as participants who then splitted to 3 groups (self-control group, self-regulation group, and control group). The research utilized e-hunting manipulation on self-control group and autobiography writing on the selfregulation group. Ego depletion was measured using ego-depletion scale. Result of the measurements show F-test = 15.562 with 0.000 (p<0.01) of significance. It means that there is significant difference of ego depletion between self-control group and self-regulation group. Second experiment was conducted to see the difference of ego depletion on the individuals under choice-task activity. Choice is the activity performed by individuals at any time. Using post test-only with nonequivalent control griup design, the research was held with 45 students who then splitted to high-choice group, low-choice group, and control group. The second experiment utilized persuasive-speech as the manipulation. Manipulation by choosing persuasive speech expected make cognitive dissonance that requires energy. This experiment shows F-test = 0.211 with P = 0.811 (p>0.05). It means that there are no differences of ego depletion between the high-choice and lowchoice groups