Bound person forms in ditransitive clauses revisited.

In a recent article Gensler (2003) has argued that little can be said about the ordering of bound person markers of the T(heme) and R(ecipient) relative to each other or relative to the verb stem apart from the fact that the outer markers are likely to be the result of a second-level cliticization process. We take issue with this claim and document that quite successful predictions with respect to the ordering of the T and R markers can be made on the basis of morphological alignment. Taking as our point of departure the typology of ditransitive alignment outlined in Haspelmath (2004; 2005), we show that the ordering patterns in which the R is placed closer to the verbal stem than the T are favoured in all relevant alignment types apart from the indirective, which exhibits a preference for positioning the T closer to the verbal stem than the R. These preferences for the ordering of the R and T are argued to relate directly to the frequency of use of the relative person forms and thus are seen as constituting yet another piece of evidence for the usage-based model of grammar being developed within the functional-cognitive typological paradigm (cf. e.g. Barlow & Kemmer 2000; Bybee & Hopper 2001; Tomasello 2003)

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS IN FUNCTIONAL DISCOURSE GRAMMAR

underlying representation in a more or less across the board fashion, only taking into consideration the language dependent semantic function hierarchy. This approach bypasses a number of constraints on subject assignment that may be gathered from typological data, and observed from the actual behaviour of speakers. In this contribution, we make an attempt to reinterpret FG syntactic functions in the light of the FDG model. Following ideas from Givón (1997), we propose a treatment of Subject assignment on the basis of a combination of semantic and pragmatic factors of the relevant referents and other functional aspects of underlying representations. The assignment rules adhere to the respective hierarchies as discussed in the typological literature. In our proposal, Subject (and Object) assignment are now located in the expression component, more specifically in the dynamic version of the expression rules as proposed in Bakker (2001)

On the Argument Status of Cross-Referencing Forms: Some Problems

El presente artículo examina el fundamento lógico sobre el estatus argumental de las formas de referencia cruzada propuesto tanto por la GF como por otros marcos teóricos, ej. Gramática Funcional Léxica (Bresnan y Mchombo 1987), Rección y Ligamento (Jelinek 1984), e identifica un número de problemas que dicho análisis plantea. Si bien algunos aspectos pueden encontrar una solución adecuada dentro del contexto de la GF, se defiende la idea de que la mayoría desaparece o puede ser tratado de manera más satisfactoria desde un análisis de ‘concordancia’, en lugar de ‘argumental’, de las formas de referencia cruzada. Asimismo, se sostiene que, incluso si se mantiene el análisis argumental pronominal para algunas lenguas, como son aquellas del tipo más extremo de marca en el núcleo, no existen argumentos convincentes para extenderlo a las lenguas de marca en el elemento dependiente como el latín.The present paper examines the rationale for the argument status of cross-referencing forms given in FG and also in other theoretical frameworks, e.g. Lexical Functional Grammar (Bresnan and Mchombo 1987), Government and Binding (Jelinek 1984), and identifies a number of problems posed by such an analysis. While some of the issues may find an adequate resolution within the context of FG, it is argued that most either disappear or can be handled better under an ‘agreement’ as opposed to ‘argument’ analysis of the crossreferencing forms. It is also argued, that even if the pronominal argument analysis is maintained for some languages, those of the radically head marking type, there are no convincing grounds for extending it to dependent marking languages such as Latin

Mityczno-symboliczny paradygmat etniczności Johna A. Armstronga

John A. Armstrong’s myth-symbol paradigm of ethnicity  The theme of this article is John Alexander Armstrong’s myth-symbol paradigm of ethnicity as a polemic with the modernist theory of nationalism, assuming duplication of the nation in relation to nationalism. According to Armstrong more important for the survival of the nation than political and economic issues, is creating and updating of mythological complex, able to maintain stability of the nation. Reminder ethnicity paradigm seems to be important in the context of the events in Ukraine and observed the process of creating a new political mythology, reinforcing the Ukrainian national identity.   Mityczno-symboliczny paradygmat etniczności Johna A. Armstronga  Tematem artykułu jest mityczno-symboliczny paradygmat etniczności Johna Alexandra Armstronga, jako polemika z modernistyczną teorią nacjonalizmu, zakładającą wtórność narodu w stosunku do nacjonalizmu. Według Armstronga ważniejsze dla przetrwania narodu były nie kwestie polityczno-gospodarcze, lecz stworzenie i aktualizacja kompleksu mitologicznego, zdolnego do podtrzymywania trwałości narodu. Przypomnienie paradygmatu etniczności wydaje się istotne w kontekście wydarzeń na Ukrainie i obserwowanego tam procesu tworzenia nowej mitologii politycznej, wzmacniającej ukraińską tożsamość narodową

Mityczno-symboliczny paradygmat etniczności Johna A. Armstronga

John A. Armstrong’s myth-symbol paradigm of ethnicity The theme of this article is John Alexander Armstrong’s myth-symbol paradigm of ethnicity as a polemic with the modernist theory of nationalism, assuming duplication of the nation in relation to nationalism. According to Armstrong more important for the survival of the nation than political and economic issues, is creating and updating of mythological complex, able to maintain stability of the nation. Reminder ethnicity paradigm seems to be important in the context of the events in Ukraine and observed the process of creating a new political mythology, reinforcing the Ukrainian national identity. Mityczno-symboliczny paradygmat etniczności Johna A. Armstronga Tematem artykułu jest mityczno-symboliczny paradygmat etniczności Johna Alexandra Armstronga, jako polemika z modernistyczną teorią nacjonalizmu, zakładającą wtórność narodu w stosunku do nacjonalizmu. Według Armstronga ważniejsze dla przetrwania narodu były nie kwestie polityczno-gospodarcze, lecz stworzenie i aktualizacja kompleksu mitologicznego, zdolnego do podtrzymywania trwałości narodu. Przypomnienie paradygmatu etniczności wydaje się istotne w kontekście wydarzeń na Ukrainie i obserwowanego tam procesu tworzenia nowej mitologii politycznej, wzmacniającej ukraińską tożsamość narodową

Eschatologia, mesjanizm i polityka

Eschatology, Messianism and Politics The article presents the issues of strong relations between various conceptions of God and their consequences – adopting a particular vision of political life, nation, and state. The author shows relations between religion and politics in the context of political eschatology and political messianism, pointing to the examples of the French Revolution, nineteenth-century Polish messianism, revolutionary Russia, or Nazi Germany. Quoting various examples, the author argues that the vision of God and the place of religion in a given society strongly influence the political sphere, the perception of the role of the state and the definition of a nation

Why digitisation can cause anarchization : micro-identities on the Internet as a factor stimulating the processof state anarchisation

This article deals with the phenomenon of socio-political anarchization related to the dynamic process of digitisation, primarily connected with the functioning of social media. All issues are analysed from several perspectives, including the research areas of political science, sociology and psychology. According to the authors, many mechanisms of the internet described in this article not only contribute to the growing social and political polarisation, but may also lead to a recession of liberal democracy and the most important state institutions. The authors argue that the specific way in which digital media function and the available options of their application may strengthen gradual anarchization processes, ultimately leading to the creation of various types of social entities. These entities are defined by particular micro-identities and are less and less dependent on the State. At the same time, they contribute (or rather can contribute) to the actual atrophy of the existing state structures, as well as the rules and procedures hitherto present in society

Incidence of surgical site infections in multicenter study : implications for surveillance practice and organization

Introduction: WHO core components of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) prevention and control include their surveillance system. In Poland, there are no widespread multi-center infection surveillance networks based on continuous, targeted, active methodology. One of the most important form of HAIs are surgical site infections (SSIs). The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of SSIs, in the context of seasonal differentiation. Seasonal differentiation could be connected with weather conditions, but it also can be affected by personnel absence due to holidays and furlough. The second aspect may influence organization of work and increased absenteeism may contribute to lowering the quality of patient care. Healthcare associated infections are the phenomenon which can be especially affected by such factors. Methods: The data used originate from the targeted, active surveillance reports obtained from the six years period, based on the ECDC recommendations. Results: Highest incidence rates of SSIs were found after operations performed in June and August, equal to 1.8% and 1.5% respectively and the lowest in October was 0.8%. These differences were statistically significant: for June incidence: OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.03–2.5, p = 0.015. Another approach showed a significant difference between the level of incidence in the period from November to January together with from June to August (1.35%), comparing to the rest of the year (1.05%). Also the rates of enterococcal and Enterobacterales infections were significantly higher for the period comprising months from November till January and from June to August. In Poland these are periods of increased number of absences associated with summer, national and religious holidays. Conclusions: Our results show that the short-term surveillance data limited to several days or months are not sufficient to obtain a valuable description of the epidemiological situation due to HAI. Efforts should be undertaken in order to implement wide net of hospital acquired infections, including SSI on the country level