Zatrudnienie a pierwsze i drugie urodzenia wśród kobiet w Polsce

The paper presents results of estimation of Cox proportional hazard model developed in order to identify the importance of employment for a first and a second childbirth for Polish women born in 1960 and after. The analysis is based on data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey GGS-PL. The results show: a) positive and statistically significant effect of employment on the risk of having a first and a second child, b) negative, although weak impact of the length of statutory maternity leave on the risk of having a second child. The results cast in doubt the effectiveness of the new reform that introduces the possibility of taking longer maternity leaves in order to boost fertility

The assessment of air pollution in Ojcowski National Park in years 2010-2011 using transplanted lichen Hypogymnia physodes

W celu oceny stopnia zanieczyszczenia powietrza Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego metalami ciężkimi (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn i Fe) oraz siarką wykorzystano metodę transplantacji porostu Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. w sezonie zimowym (X 2010-IV 2011) oraz w sezonie letnim (IV 2011-X 2011). H. physodes okazała się dobrym biowskaźnikiem zanieczyszczeń powietrza umożliwiającym jakościową i ilościową analizę oraz interpretację źródeł ich emisji. Akumulacje pierwiastków w porostach są proporcjonalne do zanieczyszczeń w powietrzu. Najbardziej zanieczyszczonymi rejonami OPN, szczególnie przez pierwiastki: Cd, Pb, Cu i Fe były transekty "Szosa Olkuska" oraz "Pieskowa Skała" znajdujące się w zachodniej i północnej części OPN. Analiza statystyczna wykazała różnice istotne statystycznie pomiędzy sezonami w przypadku wszystkich pierwiastków z wyjątkiem cynku i siarki, których akumulacje zimowa i letnia były niemalże identyczne. Zanieczyszczenia ołowiem oraz kadmem były znacznie większe w sezonie zimowym, natomiast miedzią i żelazem w sezonie letnim. W sezonie letnim 2011 roku, w porównaniu do roku wcześniejszego, nastąpił istotny statystycznie spadek średniej akumulacji Pb i Cd w porostach transplantowanych na terenie OPN, wzrosły natomiast w sposób istotny statystycznie akumulacje Zn i Fe. Wyniki transplantacji porostów w OPN wskazują na wciąż istniejące problemy z zanieczyszczeniami, których głównymi źródłami są przemysł, transport i emisja niska.To determine the level of air pollution in Ojcowski National Park with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Fe) and sulfur, a method of transplantation of lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. was used during winter (X 2010-IV 2011) and summer (X 2010-IV 2011). H. physodes proves to be good bioindicator of air contamination that allows quantity and quality analysis and interpretation of their emission source. The accumulation of elements in lichens is proportional to air contamination. The most contaminated areas of ONP, especially with: Cd, Pb, Cu, and Fe were transects “Szosa Olkuska" and "Pieskowa Skała” located in western and northern part of ONP.The statistical analysis determined statistically significant differences between seasons in case of every element except for zinc and sulfur, which accumulation in winter and summer was nearly identical.In 2011, in comparison to previous year, occurred statistically significant decrease of average value of accumulation of Pb and Cd in lichens of ONP, while accumulation of Zn and Fe increased statistically significantly.Lichens transplantation results in ONP indicate still existing problems with contamination, which main sources are industry, transport and low emission

THE ROLE OF EMPLOYMENT STATUS FOR FIRST AND SECOND CHILDBIRTHS OF WOMEN IN POLAND

The paper presents results of estimation of Cox proportional hazard model developed in order to identify the importance of employment for a first and a second childbirth for Polish women born in 1960 and after. The analysis is based on data from the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey GGS-PL. The results show: a) positive and statistically significant effect of employment on the risk of having a first and a second child, b) negative, although weak impact of the length of statutory maternity leave on the risk of having a second child. The results cast in doubt the effectiveness of the new reform that introduces the possibility of taking longer maternity leaves in order to boost fertility

Analysis of Clinical Symptoms and Biochemical Parameters in Odontogenic Cellulitis of the Head and Neck Region in Children

Many cases of cellulitis in the head and neck region among hospitalized pediatric patients are related to odontogenic infections. C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR), D-dimer, and prealbumin can be used to assess the severity of odontogenic inflammation. The aim of the study is to evaluate the biochemical parameters as a predictor factor of the severity of odontogenic cellulitis in children. This study was conducted from 2020 to 2021 on patients admitted to the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology and Pediatric Head and Neck Surgery of the Upper Silesian Children’s Health Center in Katowice. We included 40 patients aged 2–16 in the study, who were divided into two groups: research (SS-Study subject) (n = 20) and control (CS-Control subject) (n = 20). The patients underwent an interview and physical examination to assess the presence of intraoral and extraoral swelling and the presence of trismus. The patients who qualified for the study had blood taken to determine the level of CRP, WBCs, NLR, D-dimers, and prealbumin. Differences in biochemical test results in the SS and CS were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In the SS group, the mean values of biochemical parameters exceeded the clinical norm. A statistically significant positive relationship was found between CRP and extraoral swelling. The NLR correlates significantly with extraoral swelling and the length of hospitalization. D-dimer statistically correlated with trismus, extraoral swelling, and the number of anatomical spaces involved. The NLR and CRP ratio can be considered a prognostic marker of the course of infection and hospitalization time