Acoustic Telemetry Evaluation of Juvenile Salmonid Passage and Survival at John Day Dam, 2010

This report presents survival, behavioral, and fish passage results for yearling and subyearling Chinook salmon smolts and juvenile steelhead tagged with JSATS acoustic micro-transmitters as part of a survival study conducted at John Day Dam during 2010. This study was designed to evaluate the passage and survival of yearling and subyearling Chinook salmon and juvenile steelhead to assist managers in identifying dam operations for compliance testing as stipulated by the 2008 Federal Columbia River Power System Biological Opinion and the 2008 Columbia Basin Fish Accords. Survival estimates were based on a single-release survival estimate model

Interspecies Comparison of αII-Spectrin Abundance Between Chinook Salmon and Steelhead

Salmonids, such as Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss), are a staple economic, recreational, tribal, and environmental resource, yet many populations are unsustainable. This study was part of a broad scale effort to monitor the impact of downstream migration obstacles on juvenile salmonid health and survival, which is an essential step towards increasing Smolt-to-Adult Return ratios (SARs). The objective of this study was to determine if juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead exhibit differing quantities of alphaII-Spectrin Breakdown Products (SBDPs) over two consecutive spring migration periods, indicative of neurogenesis rate and/or biological response to head injury. AlphaII-Spectrin is a cytoskeletal protein that fragments during necrosis and apoptosis. These fragments, known as SBDPs, have previously been used to detect head trauma in juvenile Chinook salmon. In this study, SBDPs were utilized as biomarkers to semi quantitatively assess brain cell damage and neurogenesis. SBDPs were detected through Western Blot analysis and compared between species using a T-Test (JMP 9). Results show that steelhead exhibit greater abundance of SBDP than Chinook salmon during the two consecutive spring migration periods that were analyzed. Results have implications for population dynamic analysis, hydropower facility operation, fish hatchery management, downstream fish transportation, habitat restoration, and future funding allocations for the protection of salmonids. PNNL-SA-81996

Supplemental_Data_JFWM-108R

Table A1. The results of a fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) passage and handling study conducted in November, 2014, at the Priest Rapids Salmon Hatchery, Mattawa, Washington. Each adult salmon was given a Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag with a unique identification code (column: PIT tag number). Their gender was determined (column: Sex with M = male and F = female). Fork length was measured in cm (column: Length), body circumference was measured in cm (column: Circumference), and body weight taken in kg (column: Weight). Fish were divided into one of four treatment groups (column: Treatment) – Whoosh Fish Transport System (WFTS) 77 m tube (WFTS-77), WFTS 12 m tube (WFTS-12), trap and haul (T&H), or control. Treatment dates (column: Treatment date) ranged from November 4-6, 2014 and mortality dates (column: Mortality date) ranged from November 4-11, 2014. The following information was collected on a subset of fish – column: Spleen IL1-β normalized with 18s (n = 65); column: Spleen IgM normalized with 18s (n = 65); column: Cortisol concentration (ng/mL) (n = 41); column: Day 3 vitellogenin concentration (mg/mL) (n = 63); and column: Percent epithelial injury (%) (n = 42). In all columns, NR represents no data were recorded. Table A2. The gamete survival results from a study on the effects of passage and handling conducted in 2014 with adult fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that were captured at Priest Rapids Salmon Hatchery, Mattawa, Washington. Each fish was given a Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag with a unique identification code (column: PIT tag number). Fish were divided into one of four treatment groups (column: Treatment) – Whoosh Fish Transport System (WFTS) 77 m tube (WFTS-77), WFTS 12 m tube (WFTS-12), trap and haul (T&H), or control. Their gender was determined (column: Sex with M = male and F = female). One female’s eggs were fertilized with sperm from one male (column: Pair number) for a total of 37 pairings (i.e., sib family). The fertilized eggs were divided into three sub-samples per family (approximately 100 eggs per sub-sample) and randomly assigned to a stack, tray and cell in vertical flow incubators. Fertilized eggs were held in incubation trays at ~10°C until they reached the eyed egg stage (December 17, 2014, or approximately 40 days post-fertilization), at which time the number of live and dead eggs were counted to determine gamete survival by cell (columns labeled 1st cell survival, 2nd cell survival, and 3rd cell survival, all percentages). Data analysis was done on the average embryo survival to the eyed stage (subsamples were averaged per sib family) (column: Average survival %)

Evolutionary Origins of Lymphocytes: Ensembles of T Cell and B Cell Transcriptional Regulators in a Cartilaginous Fish

The evolutionary origins of lymphocytes can be traced by phylogenetic comparisons of key features. Homologs of rearranging TCR and Ig (B cell receptor) genes are present in jawed vertebrates, but have not been identified in other animal groups. In contrast, most of the transcription factors that are essential for the development of mammalian T and B lymphocytes belong to multigene families that are represented by members in the majority of the metazoans, providing a potential bridge to prevertebrate ancestral roles. This work investigates the structure and regulation of homologs of specific transcription factors known to regulate mammalian T and B cell development in a representative of the earliest diverging jawed vertebrates, the clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria). Skate orthologs of mammalian GATA-3, GATA-1, EBF-1, Pax-5, Pax-6, Runx2, and Runx3 have been characterized. GATA-3, Pax-5, Runx3, EBF-1, Spi-C, and most members of the Ikaros family are shown throughout ontogeny to be 1) coregulated with TCR or Ig expression, and 2) coexpressed with each other in combinations that for the most part correspond to known mouse T and B cell patterns, supporting conservation of function. These results indicate that multiple components of the gene regulatory networks that operate in mammalian T cell and B cell development were present in the common ancestor of the mammals and the cartilaginous fish. However, certain factors relevant to the B lineage differ in their tissue-specific expression patterns from their mouse counterparts, suggesting expanded or divergent B lineage characteristics or tissue specificity in these animals

Evolutionary Origins of Lymphocytes: Ensembles of T Cell and B Cell Transcriptional Regulators in a Cartilaginous Fish

The evolutionary origins of lymphocytes can be traced by phylogenetic comparisons of key features. Homologs of rearranging TCR and Ig (B cell receptor) genes are present in jawed vertebrates, but have not been identified in other animal groups. In contrast, most of the transcription factors that are essential for the development of mammalian T and B lymphocytes belong to multigene families that are represented by members in the majority of the metazoans, providing a potential bridge to prevertebrate ancestral roles. This work investigates the structure and regulation of homologs of specific transcription factors known to regulate mammalian T and B cell development in a representative of the earliest diverging jawed vertebrates, the clearnose skate (Raja eglanteria). Skate orthologs of mammalian GATA-3, GATA-1, EBF-1, Pax-5, Pax-6, Runx2, and Runx3 have been characterized. GATA-3, Pax-5, Runx3, EBF-1, Spi-C, and most members of the Ikaros family are shown throughout ontogeny to be 1) coregulated with TCR or Ig expression, and 2) coexpressed with each other in combinations that for the most part correspond to known mouse T and B cell patterns, supporting conservation of function. These results indicate that multiple components of the gene regulatory networks that operate in mammalian T cell and B cell development were present in the common ancestor of the mammals and the cartilaginous fish. However, certain factors relevant to the B lineage differ in their tissue-specific expression patterns from their mouse counterparts, suggesting expanded or divergent B lineage characteristics or tissue specificity in these animals

A novel multigene family encodes diversified variable regions

Antigen recognition in the adaptive immune response by Ig and T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) is effected through patterned differences in the peptide sequence in the V regions. V-region specificity forms through genetically programmed rearrangement of individual, diversified segmental elements in single somatic cells. Other Ig superfamily members, including natural killer receptors that mediate cell-surface recognition, do not undergo segmental reorganization, and contain type-2 C (C2) domains, which are structurally distinct from the C1 domains found in Ig and TCR. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs that transduce negative regulatory signals through the cell membrane are found in certain natural killer and other cell surface inhibitory receptors, but not in Ig and TCR. In this study, we employ a genomic approach by using the pufferfish (Spheroides nephelus) to characterize a nonrearranging novel immune-type receptor gene family. Twenty-six different nonrearranging genes, which each encode highly diversified V as well as a V-like C2 extracellular domain, a transmembrane region, and in most instances, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-containing cytoplasmic tail, are identified in an ≈113 kb P1 artificial chromosome insert. The presence in novel immune-type receptor genes of V regions that are related closely to those found in Ig and TCR as well as regulatory motifs that are characteristic of inhibitory receptors implies a heretofore unrecognized link between known receptors that mediate adaptive and innate immune functions