CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENT SYZYGIUM CUMINI SKEELS ACCESSIONS BASED ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Objective: To study variability in respect to physico-chemical and phytochemical characteristics of fruits.Methods: The twelve accessions with uniform growth and vigour were selected to study physico-chemical characteristics of the fruits. Physical analysis was performed by different qualitative methods in the seed and pulp of fruits of different maturity stages.Results: The selected accessions were characterized on the basis of physico-chemical screening by comparing presence of phytoconstituents at different stages of maturity in different parts of the fruits. The preliminary phytochemical screening in pulp and seed of fruits of different accessions clearly indicates the significant difference among all the accessions. The dendrogram was constructed to examine the variability in relation to physico-chemical attributes of different accessions. The cluster analysis was carried out based on physico-chemical attributes of the fruits of different accessions that grouped in to four major clusters. The dendrogram constructed on the basis of biochemical characteristics showed the same clustering of accessions as that of the grouping of accessions showed in dendrogram based on biochemical attributes. However, accessions J–51 and J–55 that grouped together in the dendrogram from different geographical regions. The grouping of different accessions may be based on their genetic makeup of plant however, some of the variation was also observed among accessions due to change in weather conditions during growth and development of fruits.Conclusion: The significant variability was observed with respect to physico-chemical characteristics of fruits of different accessions. The S. cumini accessions grouped in to different clusters according to their physico-chemical properties that give useful insight into their genetic relationships.Â

Heavy Metal Contamination Cause Of Idol Immersion Activities In Urban Lake Bhopal, India

Water resource of the earth is part of a finite close system, and in any time period when population are rising, the per capita amount of water available is inevitably decreasing. Water quality of lake are normally get contamination every where by accumulation of sediments, human waste, sits organic matter, industrial waste but in India different type of religious activities (Idol immersion) are take place every year to which other country are not concern. The water body selected for the study is Upper lake of Bhopal, M.P., India. The immersion of idol of Lard Ganesh and Goddess Durga during Ganesh Ustav and Navratris festival is a major source of contamination and sedimentation to the lake water. The idol are been made up of Clay, Plaster of paris, cloth, paper, wood, thermocol, jute, adhesive material and synthetic paints etc. Out of the all martial used in making the idol, thermocol is Non-Biodegradable while paints contain heavy metals such as Chromium, Lead, Cadmium and Mercury. The present study was under taken to evaluate heavy metals. The findings of the study Increase Heavy Metals contamination after idol immersion, nickal,lead and mercury may magnify in their concentrations at different tropic levels, including in fishes and birds inhabiting the lake, which finally reach the humans through food

Narrow genetic base of Indian litchi (Litchi chinensis) cultivars based on molecular markers

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is an introduced crop in India and has limited genetic variability characterized by differences in flushing pattern, leaf, panicle and fruit traits. Molecular markers were employed to expose the genetic diversity of 20 litchi cultivars from the Indian peninsula and facilitate documentation of the native germplasm diversity. Efficiency of individual primers was evaluated on the basis of average band informativeness and resolving power, where random oligonucleotide markers OPA-5 and OPA-3 scored best. Among tested microsatellite markers, ISSR 01 and 13 had high values for primer efficiency and these were found to supplement simple sequence repeats for generation of cultivar barcode and clustering analyses. Efficiency of microsatellites (Simple Sequence Repeats and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) was established by high values for polymorphism (0.691), diversity index (0.264), effective multiplex ratio (48.8470) and marker index (12.896), thus reiterating its potential as for developing barcodes for cultivar identification and conservation. Phylogenetic analysis based on RAPD and microsatellites revealed clustering of the cultivars into four major groups, although within a very narrow range (0.63 - 0.90) of similarity, viz. Seedless (i.e. Bedana), Mandarji, Shahi and China groups. The clustering followed grouping based on fruit morphology, leaf and panicle attributes disagreeing with earlier views regarding incongruity of clustering pattern with morphological, ecological and climatic adaptations. Discrimination of cultivars like Dehrarose and Dehradun, being often labeled as synonyms, was also done. Interestingly high polymorphism and low gene diversity have been exposed by molecular markers, commenting on narrow genetic background of litchi cultivars from India

Molecular and morphological diversity in locally grown non-commercial (heirloom) mango varieties of North India

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) has been cultivated and conserved in different agro-ecologies including Malihabad region in northern part of India, that is well known for housing diverse types (heirloom and commercial varieties). In the present study, 37 mango types comprising of 27 heirloom varieties from Malihabad region and 10 commercial varieties grown in North and Eastern India were assessed for morphological attributes and molecular diversity. The employed SSR markers amplified 2-13 alleles individually, cumulatively amplifying 124 alleles. These were studied for allelic diversity and genetic dissimilarity ranged from 0.035 to 0.892 arranging the varieties in three major clusters. The results revealed that majority of unique heirloom mangoes from Malihabad were different from the eastern part of the country. It is interesting to note Dashehari, a commercial variety from Malihabad was not aligned with heirloom varieties. Commercial varieties like Gulabkhas and Langra were placed in a separate group including Bombay Green, Himsagar, Dashehari, etc., indicating their dissimilarity with heirloom varieties at molecular level and thus, indicating importance for later from conservation point of view. Furthermore, the hierarchical clustering of varieties based on fruit morphology, assembled these into four groups largely influenced by fruit size. The maximum agreement subtree indicated seemingly good fit as thirteen varieties were arrayed in common grouping pattern. Appreciable dissimilarity among the heirloom varieties demonstrated by molecular analysis, underlines the importance for their on-farm conservation

Profiling mahua (Bassia latifolia) accessions for flower characters and nutraceutical attributes under north Indian conditions

Mahua (Bassia latifolia Roxb.) is a characteristic spontaneous crop species found scattered throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Indian subcontinent. Categorized as an underutilized fruit crop, there is considerable scope to evaluate and characterize the available diverse germplasm in natural stands for promoting its utilization on commercial scale. Keeping the importance of variability in view, 24 accessions collected from different diversity hot spots of the country during 2006-2010 were asexually propagated on seedling rootstocks, planted in the field gene bank and evaluated for flower biology, physicochemical and nutraceutical parameters of the fruit. Approach herkogamy demonstrated by spatial separation of sex organs, existed in the species as an out-crossing mechanism allowing gene flow and genetic introgression in natural stands that contributed to the prevailing diversity. The pollen was 45-55 μm in size, anemophily coexisting with geitonogamy appeared to be the mechanism of pollen transfer. Thus, the flower biology demonstrated floral attributes that accounted for cross pollination resulting in genetic introgression and generation of appreciable diversity in natural stands, emphasizing needs of its characterization for profitable utilization. Based on the attributes, CISH M-4, CISH M-3 and CISH M-8 showed promise in respect of different fruit quality parameters. CISH M-4 outscored others with regard to juice content (65.42 %), pomace (37.94), TSS (26.40 0Brix), Total sugar (23.497 %), Vit C content (64.163 mg/100g) and antioxidant value (44.483 mg AEAC/g). Lack of improved cultivars for commercial utilization, can thus be attended by focused evaluation of mahua germplasm accessions for the fruit quality parameters and their exploitation in further crop improvement programmes

Genome-wide association study identifies loci and candidate genes for grain micronutrients and quality traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Malnutrition due to micronutrients and protein deficiency is recognized among the major global health issues. Genetic biofortification of wheat is a cost-effective and sustainable strategy to mitigate the global micronutrient and protein malnutrition. Genomic regions governing grain zinc concentration (GZnC), grain iron concentration (GFeC), grain protein content (GPC), test weight (TW), and thousand kernel weight (TKW) were investigated in a set of 184 diverse bread wheat genotypes through genome-wide association study (GWAS). The GWAS panel was genotyped using Breeders' 35 K Axiom Array and phenotyped in three different environments during 2019–2020. A total of 55 marker-trait associations (MTAs) were identified representing all three sub-genomes of wheat. The highest number of MTAs were identified for GPC (23), followed by TKW (15), TW (11), GFeC (4), and GZnC (2). Further, a stable SNP was identified for TKW, and also pleiotropic regions were identified for GPC and TKW. In silico analysis revealed important putative candidate genes underlying the identified genomic regions such as F-box-like domain superfamily, Zinc finger CCCH-type proteins, Serine-threonine/tyrosine-protein kinase, Histone deacetylase domain superfamily, and SANT/Myb domain superfamily proteins, etc. The identified novel MTAs will be validated to estimate their effects in different genetic backgrounds for subsequent use in marker-assisted selection

Alternate Bearing in Fruit Crops

Not AvailableAlternate bearing (AB) phenomenon, common in fruit crops, is a concern for realizing steady incomes from mango orchards. Selection of suitable variety and regulating fruit load by various agronomic practices, are some important recommendations for its management. Among various indices that have been used for quantifying AB, number of flowering shoots in a canopy, finds direct corroboration to fruit yield assessments in recurring years. Scrutiny of all of the factors are presented in this review to achieve consistent success in induction of flowering in perennial fruit trees. The information may pave way for better regulation of flowering shoots towards enhanced fruit productivity under subtropicsNot Availabl

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Not AvailableAbiotic stresses are major challenges affecting yield and production in plants including fruit trees. Drought, salinity, high temperature, frost are the major problems in tropical and subtropical ecosystems wherein major fruit orchards are concentrated. The review presents current scenario and understanding on the mechanism of abiotic stress responses in fruit crops. An overview of the physiological, biochemical and molecular changes that occur upon confronting stress is also presented. The details of the genes involved in stress response, native adaptation mechanism in natural ecosystems are also highlighted. Several abiotic stress pathways, trehalose biosynthesis genes, signal perception and transduction mechanisms are described. Insights into biochemistry of ROS, their production sites, antioxidant defence systems working in concert to control the cascades of uncontrolled oxidation to protect from oxidative damage are also covered. Opportunities and scope for stress breeding in fruits to re-establish homeostasis in stressful environments can be key to changing climate conditions.Not Availabl

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Not Availablehe omic tools are being used for chancing the quality and nutritional composition of fruit, besides they also play a significant role in resistance breeding, shelf life enhancement and productivity. The use of genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics provide insights to the molecular mechanisms of flowering, fruit development, ripening, insect resistance, herbicides tolerance, etc. Genomics and accompanying technologies enable systems biology approach toward deciphering complex interactions between genes, proteins and metabolites for resulting phenotype.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableJamun (Syzygium cuminii) is an important fruit native to Indian subcontinent needs focused attention as it has proven health benefits and provides livelihood security to resource poor. Among phytomedicines, epigallocatechin and myricetin have proven cardiovascular protective and antiglycemic activities. Newer varieties can aid in popularization of this Superfruit of the century.Not Availabl