Virulence System of <i>Salmonella</i> with Special Reference to <i>Salmonella enterica</i>

Virulence system of Salmonella is very complex as many genes are involved in contributing the virulence of Salmonella. Some of the genes are involved in enhancing the invasion of organism in host defense system; some are playing their role in survival and replication of organism inside the host, while some genes are involved in the production of molecules that produce the clinical symptoms of the disease. Broadly, we can classify virulence genes into two categories: genes that are located on the virulence contributing plasmid like spvc gene and genes that are chromosomal in nature like stn. On chromosome, virulence genes are located in various clusters, which are known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands and till today seventeen pathogenicity islands have been identified. The genes located on these pathogenicity islands produce several effector molecules, which assist in invasion, replication and survival of Salmonella inside the host. The role of plasmid is still not very clear, but it is presumed that the genes located on virulence plasmids affect the intracellular growth of Salmonella in macrophages. Though lot of research work has been carried out to understand the virulence regulation system of Salmonella, still many questions are to be answered to decode the virulence regulation of Salmonella

Kloniranje, izražajnost i pročišćavanje bjelančevine 28 iz vanjske membrane Salmonelle enterice serovar Typhimurium za razvoj podjediničnog cjepiva - kratko priopćenje

Salmonella Typhimurium, a major gastrointestinal pathogen, poses a global threat to human health. Public health problems associated with this organism have increased to the extent that it has become a major issue. The bacterium is becoming resistant to the commonly available antibiotics, and vaccines also suffer from limitations such as short lived immunity. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of an effective vaccine. The outer membrane proteins (Omps) of Salmonella have proven their capability to be developed as a vaccine candidate for prevention of salmonellosis. With this aim, in the present study the Omp28 gene of Salmonella Typhimurium was amplified, cloned and expressed under an IPTG induction system. The recombinant protein thus produced was purified and tested for its antigenicity. The antigenicity of the purified protein was confirmed by western blotting with antiserum raised in rabbit against Omps of S. Typhimurium. The Omp28 gene was amplified as a 330bp product. The expressed protein was found to be of approximately 28kDa and it produced a strong signal in western blot analysis. This study concluded that Omp28 may be proven to be an effective candidate for the development of r-DNA vaccine against salmonellosis.Salmonella Typhimurium glavni je gastrointestinalni patogen koji je globalna prijetnja ljudskome zdravlju. Javnozdravstveni problemi povezani s ovim organizmom povećali su se do te mjere da je postao glavno pitanje na koje se traže brojni odgovori. Bakterija postaje otporna na najčešće dostupne antibiotike, a ograničavajuća uporaba cjepiva povezana je s kratkotrajnim imunitetom. Zbog toga postoji hitna potreba za razvoj učinkovitog cjepiva. Vanjske bjelančevine membrane (engl. Outer membrane proteins, Omps) salmonele dokazale su svoju sposobnost kandidata za razvoj cjepiva koje bi se koristilo u prevenciji salmoneloze. S tim je ciljem u ovom radu, pod uvjetima IPTG indukcijskog sustava, provedeno umnažanje i kloniranje te provjerena izražajnost gena za Omp28 iz Salmonelle Typhimurium. Tako dobivena rekombinantna bjelančevina pročišćena je i testirana s obzirom na antigenu sposobnost. Antigena sposobnost pročišćene bjelančevine potvrđena je uporabom Western blot metode s antiserumom protiv Omps-a iz S. Typhimurium dobivenim od zeca. Genom Omp28 umnožen je kao 330bp produkt. Bjelančevina je imala približno 28 kDa i Western blot analizom pokazala je izraženost jakog signala. Ovim je istraživanjem zaključeno da Omp28 može poslužiti kao učinkoviti kandidat za razvoj r-DNA cjepiva protiv salmoneloze

Phytochemistry and Antiperoxidative Potential of Cannabis sativa L. Leaves Methanol Extracts: An In Vitro Study

Aim: Present study aimed to demonstrate the preliminary phytochemical composition, antioxidant and in vitro protective potential of the methanolic extract of Cannabis sativa L. Study Design: A methanolic extract of Cannabis sativa L. leaves was prepared and assessed at the in vitro level for its preliminary phytochemical screening and antiperoxidative potentials by using the DPPH radical reduction assay, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity, protein carbonyl inhibitory potential in glycated bovine serum albumin, and enzyme antioxidant activity in a goat liver homogenate system exposed to hydrogen peroxide as oxidant molecule. Results: The methanolic extract of Cannabis sativa L. leaf contained a diverse range of phytoconstituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins. Upon quantitative analysis, the methanolic extract of&nbsp; C. sativa L. reflected 50 ± 0.013 µg quercetin equivalent / mg of extract according to the querecetin standard graph, while 28.03 ± 0.024 % alkaloid content was retrieved after quantification. Conclusion: We suggest that, upon tested on all in vitro antioxidant parameters; the leaf methanolic extract of Cannabis sativa L. demonstrated potent antioxidant and protective activity. Keywords: Cannabis sativa L., Antioxidant, in vitro, DPPH, LPO, Protein carbonyl, peroxidative potentia

Strain Differentiation of <i>Salmonella </i>Bareilly by AP-PCR

607-609Several PCR based methods such as AP-PCR, ERIC, ERIC-PCR, REP-PCR and RAPD have been used for bacterial strain differentiation and identification. These methods are rapid, reliable and economical. In the present study, out of 10 strains of Salmonella Bareilly differentiated by AP-PCR, seven profiles were obtained. The study indicates that AP-PCR is an efficient tool for strain differentiation and can be used for molecular epidemiological studies. This is the first report in India in which AP-PCR has been used for molecular typing of Salmonella Bareilly

Detection of virulence in Indian isolates of <i style="">Salmonella </i>by polymerase chain reaction <i style=""> </i>

37-40 Virulence in Salmonella is reported to be caused by large plasmids of 60-100 kb. In the present study, 24 isolates of four Salmonella serovars (S. Dublin, S. Abortusequi, S. Bareilly and S. Choleraesuis) were studied for their in vivo virulence, plasmid profiling and virulence (Vir) gene detection by PCR. Nineteen isolates were found to be virulent inducing different degrees of mortality in mice. In 5 non-virulent isolates, the large plasmid was absent and there was also no amplification of Vir gene by PCR. It clearly indicates a positive correlation between virulence of the organism and the presence of plasmid and amplification of Vir gene. </smarttagtype

Anti Microbial Resistance in Salmonella

Antibiotics are one of the major drugs to eradicate microbial infection. Many types of antibiotics have been used as therapeutics in several fields such as medical, agriculture, animal husbandry for human beings as well as animals. In past few years microbes have become resistant to some common antibiotics. We found that drug resistance is escalating at an alarming rate. Some of the infections like typhoid, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea are becoming difficult to treat while antibiotics are becoming less effective. Typhoid fever is one of the most common foodborne illnesses leading to many deaths annually worldwide. The emergence of multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains (S. Typhi) has resulted in several large outbreaks of enteric fever in many developing countries of the world leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Multi-drug resistance remains a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries of Asia and Africa. Some important measures like rational use of antibiotics, improvement in public sanitation facilities, availability of clean drinking water, promotion of safe food handling practices and public health education can play a crucial role in the prevention of multiple drug resistant typhoid fever

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Not AvailableThe effects of the application of 100% of the recommended N fertilizer rate (full N) singly or in combination with various vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas (Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus epigaes, Glomus deserticola, Glomus macrocarpum, Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora calospora, Gigaspora gigantea, Endogone duseii and Acaulospora laevis) on the performance of onion (cv. Pusa Madhavi) were studied in a pot experiment. Treatments consisting of full N and P, full N and 50% of the recommended P fertilizer rate, or no N and P were used as controls. The application of mycorrhiza with full N significantly increased bulb yield and quality over full N alone. Among the mycorrhizas, E. duseii with full N resulted in the greatest number of leaves per plant (8.2), plant height (62.1 cm), yield per plot (11.1 kg) and yield per hectare (246.4 quintal/ha), and the lowest storage loss after 6 months (43.1%). The yield obtained with full N + E. duseii was comparable to that obtained with full N and P. Almost 50% of the recommended P rate could be substituted by the application of Gigaspora gigantea, Glomus macrocarpum, Glomus deserticola and Acaulospora laevis. [1 quintal=100 kg].Not Availabl

Examining export advantages in Indian horticulture: An approach based on product mapping and seasonality

PRIFPRI3; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; DCASA

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Not AvailableThe possibility of using biofertilizers in crop production concomitant with enriching soil has attained significance in recent years. Six of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and a Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) species Endogone duseii were applied on onion cultivar Pusa Madhavi, singly and in combination with reduced inorganic fertilizer dose. Co-inocultion of VAM with non-symbiotic N2 fixing PGPR strains proved to be the best treatment to promote growth and yield of onion. Dual inoculation could meet almost 50 percent of the nitrogen and phosphorus demand of the crop. All the traits studied showed a significant increase with the application of half of the recommended dose of N and P along with VAM and PGPRs. The better performing PGPR were Azospirillum braslense CD, Azotobacter chroococcum CBD-15, Fluorescent pseudomonad strains PF1 and PF-IV. The soil available nutrients, especially N, after crop harvest were moderately improved. Biofertilizer application was also found to have influence on reducing the storage losses of cured onion.Not Availabl